君
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TranslingualEdit
Han characterEdit
君 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 尸大口 (SKR), four-corner 17607, composition ⿸尹口)
Derived charactersEdit
- 侰, 群, 裙, 郡, 捃, 珺, 桾, 宭, 窘, 𠧬, 𠹩, 𫘿, 𡝗, 䞫, 頵(𫖳), 覠(𰴙), 𦌺, 𠲰, 𭊝, 𢽏, 𫺔, 𬂁, 𣇉, 𬱌, 𩂿, 𨧡, 涒, 焄, 𤉙, 桾, 莙, 䇹, 𦀲, 𪣣, 峮, 㟒, 裠, 𧛬, 𬡝, 帬, 𢂽, 𢃆, 𬒽, 輑, 𰺈, 𢧃, 羣, 麏, 鮶(鲪), 鵘
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 177, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3323
- Dae Jaweon: page 394, character 15
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 595, character 6
- Unihan data for U+541B
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
君 | |
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| alternative forms | 𠺞 𠁈 𠱩 𠱭 𠱰 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 君 | ||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *klun) and ideogrammic compound (會意): phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “(hand holding a rod) to administer”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). In the oracle bones and early Zhou bronze inscriptions, 君 (jūn) was often interchanged with 尹. Shuowen suggests that 口 represents commands, but it may simply be decorative.
EtymologyEdit
Unknown. Here are several possibilities:
- Related to Old Mon kmin, kmun (“to exercise royal power; to be king; to reign”) (Schuessler, 2007);
- Related to 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “director; governor”) and 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) and cognate with Tibetan མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”) (Mei Tsu-lin, 1985);
- The *k- prefixed derivative of 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “to straighten; to administer”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); however, this is phonologically problematic (Schuessler, 2007).
The ACG sense is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 君 (-kun), which is in turn from Chinese.
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
君
- sovereign; monarch; ruler; chief; prince; lord
- (historical) A honorific title: lord
- (literary, honorific) you; your (referring to a male)
- A polite form of address used among couples.
- to dominate; to reign
- (ACG, Internet slang) -kun
- (ACG, Internet slang) Affectionate name suffix.
- 字幕君 ― zìmùjūn ― fansubber
- a surname
SynonymsEdit
Related termsEdit
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 君
DescendantsEdit
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
君
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: くん (kun, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: くん (kun, Jōyō)
- Kun: きみ (kimi, 君, Jōyō)
- Nanori: きん (kin); すえ (sue); なお (nao); よし (yoshi)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| きみ Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 公 (uncommon) |
⟨ki1mi1⟩ → */kʲimʲi/ → /kimi/
From Old Japanese. Possibly a borrowing from the Sillan word for king, written with the character 今 (kum).[1] The same morpheme survives in the second syllable of the Modern Korean word 임금 (imgeum).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- a ruler of a country
- Antonym: 臣 (omi)
- a master
- a nobleman or other person of high(er) rank
- (after a が (ga) or の (no) particle) term of respect to another person
- (historical, archaic) a prostitute
- (historical) one of the hereditary titles bestowed to local chiefs in ancient Japan
Derived termsEdit
- 大君 (ōkimi)
PronounEdit
- (informal, chiefly men's speech) second-person personal pronoun: you
- 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 669; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 50)
- 君がため惜しからざりし命さへ長くもがなと思ひけるかな
- kimi ga tama oshikarazarishi inochi sae nagaku mogana to omoikeru kana
- I thought I would give up my life to hold you in my arms, but after a night together, I find myself wishing that I could live for ever.[4]
- 君がため惜しからざりし命さへ長くもがなと思ひけるかな
- 2000 September 18, Inokuma, Shinobu, “ＰＡＲＴ１ 雨のち… [Part 1: After the Rain…]”, in SALAD DAYS [Salad Days], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 110:
- 俺は別にいいけど…キミ、学校で「知らない人について行っちゃダメ」とか、教わんなかった？
- Ore wa betsu ni ii kedo… Kimi, gakkō de “shiranai hito ni tsuite itcha dame” to ka, osowan nakatta?
- Fine by me… But haven’t you been taught at school that “you shouldn’t go anywhere with strangers”?
- 俺は別にいいけど…キミ、学校で「知らない人について行っちゃダメ」とか、教わんなかった？
- 2005 November 9, Watsuki, Nobuhiro, “武装錬金ファイナル [Armed Alchemy: The Final Act]”, in 武装錬金 [Armed Alchemy], volume 9, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:
- 来るぞ カズキ！手を放すな！キミと私は一心同体 キミが死ぬ時が私が死ぬ時だ！
- Kuru zo Kazuki! Te o hanasu na! Kimi to watashi wa isshin dōtai Kimi ga shinu toki ga watashi ga shinu toki da!
- Incoming, Kazuki! Don’t let go! You and me, together as one. When you die, I die!
- 来るぞ カズキ！手を放すな！キミと私は一心同体 キミが死ぬ時が私が死ぬ時だ！
- 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 669; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 50)
Usage notesEdit
- When used in lyrics and poetry, this word is considered less colloquial and more poetic than in spoken language.
Etymology 2Edit
The kimi changes to gimi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
SuffixEdit
Usage notesEdit
- There is no direct translation in English – as with other Japanese honorifics, it might roughly correspond to dear, as in “your dear father”.
- Respectful suffixes also serve to indicate whose relative is in question: rather than “my father” and “your father”, one would say 父 (chichi, “father”) and 父君 (chichi-gimi, “dear father”).
- Used of nobles. Attaches to close family relationship nouns such as 母 (haha, “mother”), 姉 (ane, “sister”), 姫 (hime, “daughter of a noble family, princess”).
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| くん Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 君 (MC kɨun).
SuffixEdit
- suffix for boys' names
- indicates respect
- 1999 January 7, Hirokane, Kenshi, “議その166 「決戦投票」 [Debate 166: ‘Final Vote’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 20 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 43:
- indicates familiarity
Usage notesEdit
-kun is often used as a suffix when calling someone. The listener is lower or the same level in social position and is often, but not always, male.
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| きんじ Grade: 3 |
/kimud͡ʑi/ → /kind͡ʑi/
Shift from older きむぢ (kimudi → kimuji).[5]
PronounEdit
- second person personal pronoun: you
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Fukiage, ge)[6]
- きんぢ、この手を傳へ施す物ならば、この世になからん世なりとも、訪ひ守らん。
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Kurabiraki, jō)[7]
- 「[...] ある時は「きんぢがつたなく吾を人気なくハ生み出したる」とさへぞの給フや」
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Kuniyuzuri, jō)[8]
- 喜びて、見給ヒて、聲を放ちて「我が親の今々とし給ひしまで「我はきんぢを思ふにぞ黄泉もえ往くまじき。[...]」」
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Fukiage, ge)[6]
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Ki-Moon, Lee; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language[1], page 59
- ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ Peter MacMillan, translator (2018) One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Treasury of Classical Japanese Verse, Penguin UK, →ISBN
- ^ “きんじ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ^ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.
- ^ Kōno, Tama (1961) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 11: Utsubo Monogatari 2 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- ^ Kōno, Tama (1962) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 12: Utsubo Monogatari 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 君 (MC kɨun).
| Historical readings |
|---|
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PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kun]
- Phonetic hangul: [군]
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
君: Hán Nôm readings: quân, vua