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有

See also: 肴, 右, and 🈶
有 U+6709, 有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 月
[U+6708] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 朊 →
[U+670A]
Emoji u1f236.svg
🈶 U+1F236, 🈶
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 🈵
[U+1F235] 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🈷 →
[U+1F237]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order (Japan)
 

Han characterEdit

有 (radical 74, 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿸𠂇月)

Usage notesEdit

Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 有

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 有
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).

Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

EtymologyEdit

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
  • 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
  • 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

Pronunciation 1Edit

Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
    • iú - literary.
    Note: iu2 - prefix.
    Rime
    Character 有
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 云 (35)
    Final (韻) 尤 (136)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 云久切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɨuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦiuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣiəuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦuwX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣiuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣĭəuX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/i̯ə̯uX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yǒu
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 有
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yǒu
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hjuwX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
    English have, exist

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 有
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 15595
    Phonetic
    component         		又
    Rime
    group         		之
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		有
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɢʷɯʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    有

    1. to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
      Antonyms: 無／无 (wú)
      我有兩輛車。 / 我有两辆车。  ―  Wǒ yǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  I have two cars.
      大象有著長長的鼻子。 [MSC, trad.]
      大象有着长长的鼻子。 [MSC, simp.]
      Dàxiàng yǒuzhe chángcháng de bízi. [Pinyin]
      Elephants have long trunks.
    2. there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
      有很多人。  ―  Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ―  There are a lot of people.
      這兒有書嗎？ / 这儿有书吗？  ―  Zhèr yǒu shū ma?  ―  Are there any books here?
      這裡有著清新的空氣。 [MSC, trad.]
      这里有着清新的空气。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhèlǐ yǒuzhe qīngxīn de kōngqì. [Pinyin]
      There is fresh air here.
    3. (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
    4. abundant; affluent
    5. many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
    6. some (indefinite pronoun)
    7. (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
      古語有云 / 古语有云  ―  gǔyǔ yǒu yún  ―  as the saying goes (lit. the old saying has said)
    8. A surname​.
      有子  ―  Yǒuzǐ  ―  Philosopher You
    9. A meaningless prefix.
      有夏  ―  yǒuxià  ―  China
    Usage notesEdit
    • In Mandarin, 有 is the only verb not negated with 不 (bù). It is negated with 沒／没 (méi).
    我沒有錢 / 我没有钱  ―  wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 有

    Pronunciation 2Edit

    DefinitionsEdit

    有

    1. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”).
    2. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”).

    Further readingEdit

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (有):
    • → Japanese: 有 (う) (u); 有 (ゆう) (yū)
    • → Korean: 유 (有, yu)
    • → Vietnamese: hữu (有)

    JapaneseEdit

    Stroke order
    (Japan)
     

    KanjiEdit

    有

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. exist
    2. get to exist; appear
    3. keep; maintain
    4. existence; belonging
    5. someone did certain thing
    6. possess
    7. have
    8. happen
    9. occur
    10. approximately

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived termsEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    有
    ゆう
    Grade: 3
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 有 (MC ɦɨuX). The sense “and, with a remainder of” is from Middle Chinese 有 / 又 (MC ɦɨuH).

    The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    有 (hiragana ゆう, rōmaji yū, historical hiragana いう)

    1. exist
    2. have; possess; own
    3. (between numbers) and; with a remainder of
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    NounEdit

    有 (hiragana ゆう, rōmaji yū, historical hiragana いう)

    1. existence
    2. possession
    3. (Buddhism) Synonym of 有 (u)
    4. Short for 有限会社 (yūgengaisha, “limited company”).

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    有
    う
    Grade: 3
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 有 (MC ɦɨuX).

    The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    有 (hiragana う, rōmaji u)

    1. exist
    2. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    NounEdit

    有 (hiragana う, rōmaji u)

    1. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Etymology 3Edit

    Proper nounEdit

    有 (hiragana なお, rōmaji Nao)

    1. A female given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    有 (eumhun 있을 유 (isseul yu))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    KunigamiEdit

    KanjiEdit

    有

    MiyakoEdit

    KanjiEdit

    有

    OkinawanEdit

    KanjiEdit

    有

    VietnameseEdit

    YaeyamaEdit

    KanjiEdit

    有

    YonaguniEdit

    KanjiEdit

    有

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