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有

See also: 肴
有 U+6709, 有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 月
[U+6708]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 朊 →
[U+670A]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Japanese stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

有 (radical 74 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿱𠂇月)

Usage notesEdit

Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 有

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 有
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bamboo and silk script Large seal script Small seal script
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 kɯːʔ
醢 qʰɯːʔ
珛 qʰʷɯs
栯 ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 ɢʷɯʔ
友 ɢʷɯʔ
右 ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 ɢʷɯs
囿 ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 ɢʷɯs
酭 ɢʷɯs
姷 ɢʷɯs
又 ɢʷɯs
佑 ɢʷɯs
祐 ɢʷɯs
賄 qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 ɡʷɯː
倄 ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 ɢʷɯʔ
洧 ɢʷɯʔ
痏 ɢʷɯʔ
郁 qʷɯ
戫 qʷɯ
哊 ɡʷɯ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. 又 is both a phonetic and semantic component. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).

Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷɯʔ): phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" ("[to have something that] not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

EtymologyEdit

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”) [causative, i.e. “to cause to have”]
  • 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”) [adverbial]
  • 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”) [indefinite]

Pronunciation 1Edit

Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
Note:
  • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
  • iú - literary.
Rime
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 云久切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦiuX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦuwX/
Li
Rong		 /ɣiuX/
Wang
Li		 /ɣĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /i̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yǒu
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yǒu
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hjuwX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ʷəʔ/
English have, exist

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
No. 15595
Phonetic
component		 又
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 有
Old
Chinese		 /*ɢʷɯʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

有

  1. to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
    Antonyms: 無／无 (wú)
    我有兩輛車。 / 我有两辆车。  ―  Wǒ yǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  I have two cars.
  2. there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
    有很多人。  ―  Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ―  There are a lot of people.
    這兒有書嗎？ / 这儿有书吗？  ―  Zhèr yǒu shū ma?  ―  Are there any books here?
  3. (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
  4. abundant; affluent
  5. many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
  6. some (indefinite pronoun)
  7. (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
    古語有云 / 古语有云  ―  gǔyǔ yǒu yún  ―  as the saying goes (lit. the old saying has said)
  8. A surname​.
Usage notesEdit
  • In Mandarin, 有 is the only verb not negated with 不 (bù). It is negated with 沒／没 (méi).
我沒有錢 / 我没有钱  ―  wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 有

Pronunciation 2Edit

DefinitionsEdit

有

  1. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”).
  2. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”).

JapaneseEdit

Japanese
stroke order
 

KanjiEdit

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. exist
  2. get to exist; appear
  3. keep; maintain
  4. existence; belonging
  5. someone did certain thing
  6. possess
  7. have
  8. happen
  9. occur
  10. approximately

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Derived termsEdit

Proper nounEdit

有 (hiragana なお, rōmaji Nao)

  1. A female given name

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

有 • (yu)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 유 (revised: yu, McCune-Reischauer: yu, Yale: yu)
    • Name (hangeul): 있다 (Itta)
  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

有 (hữu, hỡi, hơi, nhất)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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