burden

EnglishEdit

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burden

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English burden, birden, burthen, birthen, byrthen, from Old English byrden, byrþen, from Proto-West Germanic *burþini, from *burþī, from Proto-Germanic *burþį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”).

Alternative formsEdit

burthen (archaic)

PronunciationEdit

(Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈbɜːdn̩/
(General American) IPA^(key): /ˈbɝdn̩/
Audio (US)
(file)
Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)dən

NounEdit

burden (plural burdens)

A heavy load.
- 1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934:
  There were four or five men in the vault already, and I could hear more coming down the passage, and guessed from their heavy footsteps that they were carrying burdens.
A responsibility, onus.
A cause of worry; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive.
- c. 1710-1730, Jonathan Swift, The Dean's Complaint Translated and Answered
  Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone, / To all my friends a burden grown.
The capacity of a vessel, or the weight of cargo that she will carry.
a ship of a hundred tons burden
(mining) The tops or heads of stream-work which lie over the stream of tin.
(metalworking) The proportion of ore and flux to fuel, in the charge of a blast furnace^[1].
A fixed quantity of certain commodities.
A burden of gad steel is 120 pounds.
(obsolete, rare) A birth.
[…] that bore thee at a burden two fair sons.
(medicine) The total amount of toxins, parasites, cancer cells, plaque or similar present in an organism.

Derived termsEdit

TranslationsEdit

heavy load

Arabic: حِمْل‎ (ar) m (ḥiml), عِبْء‎ m (ʿibʾ)
Egyptian Arabic: حمل‎ m (ḥiml)
Armenian: բեռ (hy) (beṙ)
Aromanian: sartsinã f, greatsã f, griutati f, furtii f, var
Assamese: বোজা (büza)
Bulgarian: това́р (bg) m (továr)
Catalan: càrrega (ca) f, carga (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 負荷 (zh), 负荷 (zh) (fùhè)
Czech: břemeno (cs) n, zatížení n, náklad (cs) m, zátěž f
Danish: byrde c, læs n
Dutch: last (nl) m
Faroese: byrði f, byrða f, burður m
Finnish: kuorma (fi), taakka (fi)
French: charge (fr) f, fardeau (fr) m
Galician: carga f
German: Belastung (de) f, Last (de) f, Bürde (de) f
Alemannic German: Burdi f
Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌴𐌹 f (baurþei)
Greek:
Ancient: ἄχθος n (ákhthos), φόρημα n (phórēma), βάρημα n (bárēma)
Hebrew: נטל‎ (he) m (net'el), עֹל‎ (he) m ('ol)
Hungarian: teher (hu)
Icelandic: byrði (is) f, burður (is) m
Irish: muirear m
Italian: carico (it) m, fardello (it)

Japanese: 積み荷 (つみに, tsumini)
Korean: 짐 (ko) (jim), 바리 (ko) (bari)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: بار گرانی‎ (bar granî)

Northern Kurdish: berpirsiyarî (ku) f, bar (ku) m
Latin: onus n, sarcina f
Malay: beban (ms)
Maori: wahanga, wahanga
Norwegian:
Bokmål: byrde m, belastning m or f

Nynorsk: byrde f, belastning f
Old English: byrþen f
Polish: ciężar (pl) m, brzemię (pl) n (formally)
Portuguese: carga (pt), fardo (pt) m
Romanian: sarcină (ro) f, povară (ro) f
Russian: но́ша (ru) f (nóša), груз (ru) m (gruz)
Sanskrit: भार (sa) m (bhāra)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: бре̏ме n

Roman: brȅme (sh) n
Slovak: bremeno n
Spanish: carga (es)
Swahili: mzigo (sw)
Swedish: börda (sv), belastning (sv)
Tagalog: dinadalang mabigat
Tocharian B: perpette
Turkish: yük (tr)
Westrobothnian: tȳnj f, tōng f, bȯhl f, kylt f

responsibility, onus

Arabic: حِمْل‎ (ar) m (ḥiml), عِبْء‎ m (ʿibʾ)
Armenian: բեռ (hy) (beṙ)
Aromanian: sartsinã f
Belarusian: цяжа́р m (cjažár), бярэ́мя n (bjarémja)
Bulgarian: бре́ме (bg) n (bréme)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 負擔 (zh), 负担 (zh) (fùdān)
Czech: břemeno (cs) n, břímě (cs) n
Danish: belastning c, last (da) c, byrde c
Faroese: burður m
Finnish: vastuu (fi), riippa (fi)
French: fardeau (fr) m
Galician: carga f
German: Belastung (de) f, Last (de) f, Bürde (de) f, Verantwortung (de) f
Hebrew: נטל‎ (he) m (net'el), עֹל‎ (he) m ('ol)
Hungarian: teher (hu)
Icelandic: byrði (is) f
Irish: muirear m
Italian: responsabilità (it) f, onere (it) m
Japanese: 負担 (ja) (ふたん, futan)
Korean: 짐 (ko) (jim)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: بار‎ (ku) (bar)

Northern Kurdish: berpirsiyarî (ku) f, bar (ku) m

Latin: onus n
Macedonian: бреме n (breme)
Norwegian: ansvar (no) n
Bokmål: byrde m

Nynorsk: byrde f
Old Church Slavonic:
Cyrillic: брѣмѧ n (brěmę)
Old East Slavic: беремѧ n (beremę)
Polish: brzemię (pl) n
Portuguese: responsabilidade (pt) f, obrigação (pt)
Romanian: sarcină (ro) f, răspundere (ro) f
Russian: бре́мя (ru) n (brémja), тя́жесть (ru) f (tjážestʹ), нагру́зка (ru) f (nagrúzka)
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic: бре̏ме n

Roman: brȅme (sh) n
Slovak: bremeno n
Slovene: breme (sl) n
Spanish: carga (es) f, responsabilidad (es) f
Swedish: plikt (sv)
Tagalog: pasanin
Turkish: zahmet (tr), yükümlülük (tr), sorumluluk (tr)
Ukrainian: тяга́р m (tjahár)
Vietnamese: gánh nặng

cause of worry

Armenian: բեռ (hy) (beṙ)
Bulgarian: бреме (bg) n (breme)
French: fardeau (fr) m
Galician: carga f
German: Sorge (de) f, Bürde (de) f, Kummer (de) m, Last (de) f
Italian: preoccupazione (it) f, fardello (it) m
Japanese: 心配事 (しんぱいごと, shimpaigoto)
Korean: 짐 (ko) (jim)
Kurdish:
Central Kurdish: بەڵا‎ (ku) (bella)

Northern Kurdish: bar (ku) m

Norwegian: belastning m
Polish: brzemię (pl) n, ciężar (pl) m
Portuguese: preocupação (pt) f
Russian: бре́мя (ru) n (brémja), обу́за (ru) f (obúza)
Spanish: preocupación (es) f
Swedish: börda (sv), belastning (sv)
Tagalog: pasanin

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Telugu: ^{(please verify)} భారం (te) (bhāraṃ)

VerbEdit

burden (third-person singular simple present burdens, present participle burdening, simple past and past participle burdened)

(transitive) To encumber with a literal or figurative burden.
to burden a nation with taxes
- 1591, William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene ii]:
  My burdened heart would break.
- 1593, anonymous, The Life and Death of Iacke Straw […], Act I:
  This ſtraunge vnwelcome and vnhappie newes, […]
  Burdens my heart, and interrupts my ſleepe, […]
- 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, 2 Corinthians 8:13, column 2:
  For I meane not that other men bee eaſed, and you burthened: […]
(transitive) To impose, as a load or burden; to lay or place as a burden (something heavy or objectionable).

Derived termsEdit

TranslationsEdit

encumber

Bulgarian: натоварвам (bg) (natovarvam), обременявам (bg) (obremenjavam)
Dutch: bezwaren (nl), opgeschept zitten met
Egyptian:

(hnn)
Finnish: kuormata (fi)
Galician: cangar (gl), cargar (gl)
German: belasten (de), beladen (de), beschweren (de), aufbürden (de)
Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kaurjan)
Greek:
Ancient: καταβαρύνω (katabarúnō)
Italian: gravare (it), appioppare (it), rifilare (it), oberare (it)
Korean: ^{(please verify)} 짐을 지우다 (jimeul jiuda)

Latin: gravō (la), dēgravō
Maori: whakawaha
Polish: obciążać (pl) impf, obarczać impf
Portuguese: carregar (pt)
Romanian: însărcina (ro), împovăra (ro), îngreuna (ro)
Russian: обременя́ть (ru) impf (obremenjátʹ), обремени́ть (ru) pf (obremenítʹ), отягоща́ть (ru) impf (otjagoščátʹ), отяготи́ть (ru) pf (otjagotítʹ)
Spanish: gravar (es)
Swedish: belasta (sv)

to impose a load

Bulgarian: товаря (bg) (tovarja)
Galician: cargar (gl)

Latin: gravō (la)
Maori: whakawaha

Etymology 2Edit

From Old French bordon. See bourdon.

NounEdit

burden (plural burdens)

(music) A phrase or theme that recurs at the end of each verse in a folk song or ballad.
- 1610–1611, William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene ii]:
  Foot it featly here and there; / And, sweet sprites, the burden bear.
- 1846, Edgar Allan Poe, The Philosophy of Composition
  As commonly used, the refrain, or burden, not only is limited to lyric verse, but depends for its impression upon the force of monotone - both in sound and thought.
The drone of a bagpipe.
- 1740, Sébastien de Brossard, ‎James Grassineau, A Musical Dictionary:
  BURDEN in some musical instruments, the Drone or Bass , and the pipe or string that plays it
Theme, core idea.
the burden of the argument