pro
TranslingualEdit
EtymologyEdit
Abbreviation of English Provençal + abbreviation of English old.
SymbolEdit
pro
EnglishEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pɹəʊ/
Audio (UK) (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /pɹoʊ/
- Rhymes: -əʊ
Etymology 1Edit
From Late Middle English pro, from Latin prō (“on behalf of”).
NounEdit
pro (plural pros)
- An advantage of something, especially when contrasted with its disadvantages (cons).
- A person who supports a concept or principle.
- Antonym: anti
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro
- In favor of.
- Antonym: anti
- He is pro exercise but against physical exertion, quite a conundrum.
TranslationsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Clipping of professional.
NounEdit
pro (plural pros)
- A professional sportsman.
- (colloquial) Professional.
- When it comes to DIY, he's a real pro.
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
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AdjectiveEdit
pro (comparative more pro, superlative most pro)
- Professional.
- He landed a pro mentorship gig.
Etymology 3Edit
Clipping of prostitute.
NounEdit
pro (plural pros)
- (slang) A prostitute.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
- Millie was one of the dozen or so pros who had a house at the top of the street.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
Etymology 4Edit
NounEdit
pro (plural pros)
- (UK, slang, archaic) A proproctor.
ReferencesEdit
- 1873, John Camden Hotten, The Slang Dictionary
Etymology 5Edit
Clipping of prophylaxis.
NounEdit
pro (plural pros)
- (slang, historical) A chemical prophylaxis taken after sex to avoid contracting venereal disease.
AnagramsEdit
CatalanEdit
NounEdit
pro m (plural pros)
PrepositionEdit
pro
ChineseEdit
EtymologyEdit
From clipping of English professional.
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
pro
CzechEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pro.
PrepositionEdit
pro + accusative
- for
- Zabili ho pro peníze. ― They killed him for his money.
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
pro n
- pro (advantage)
Further readingEdit
EsperantoEdit
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
PrepositionEdit
pro
- caused by, because of, owing to, due to
- motivated by, for the sake of, on account of, for
- in exchange for
See alsoEdit
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
Clipping of professionnel(le).
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
pro (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Il est très pro.
NounEdit
pro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Elle est une vraie pro.
- (informal) a whiz, someone who is very good at something
- Nous avons affaire à un pro !
Further readingEdit
- “pro”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
Borrowed from Latin prō (“for”).
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
PrepositionEdit
pro (+ accusative or dative)
- per, each
- Synonyms: je, für
- Samt Mehrwertsteuer ergibt sich ein Kaufpreis von rund 30 Euro pro Stück
- After VAT the price comes to around 30 euros each.
- Der durchschnittliche Pro-Kopf-Konsum von Bier in Deutschland im Jahr 2018 summierte sich auf rund 101,1 Liter.
- Average beer consumption in Germany in 2018 came to 101.1 liters per head.
Usage notesEdit
- Followed by a noun in either the accusative or dative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden:
- pro gefahrenen / gefahrenem Kilometer ― per kilometer travelled
- pro verkauftes / verkauftem Exemplar ― for every copy sold
- When used in a Latin phrase, the ablative is used according to the rules of Latin grammar: pars pro toto or Pars pro Toto, and pro forma or pro Forma.
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “pro, je, zu, jeweils, für” in Duden online
- “pro, für, dafür” in Duden online
- “pro” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
IdoEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro
IndonesianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From learned borrowing from Latin pro.
AdjectiveEdit
pro
- (colloquial) pro, in favor of.
- Synonym: setuju
- more.
- Synonym: lebih
Etymology 2Edit
From clipping of profesional (“professional”).
NounEdit
pro (first-person possessive proku, second-person possessive promu, third-person possessive pronya)
- Clipping of profesional (“professional”)..
Further readingEdit
- “pro” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
InterlinguaEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin prō, which is the predecessor of French pour, Italian pro and Spanish para via Vulgar Latin por. See also por.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro
- for, to, for the sake of, not against
- Ille ha un dono pro te.
- He has a gift for you.
- Io ha votate pro iste candidato.
- I've voted for this candidate.
- Medicamento pro uso interne.
- Medication for internal use
- in place of, in exchange for, in return for
- Illa prendeva le robo pro solmente vinti euros!
- She got the dress for only twenty euros!
- (+ infinitive) to, in order to (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
- Io vole cantar pro facer te retornar.
- I want to sing to make you return.
ItalianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Latin prō (“for, on behalf of”).
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/°, /pro/° (preposition)
- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/* (noun)
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Syllabification: prò
- The preposition does not trigger syntactic gemination in the following word, but the noun does.
PrepositionEdit
pro
Related termsEdit
NounEdit
pro m (invariable)
- (dated) good, benefit, advantage, weal
- 1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno, Le Monnier (1994), Canto II, p. 29, vv. 109-111:
- Al mondo non fur mai persone ratte ¶ a far lor pro o a fuggir lor danno, ¶ com'io, dopo cotai parole fatte.
- Never were persons in the world so swift ¶ to work their weal and to escape their woe, ¶ as I, after such words as these were uttered.
- 1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno, Le Monnier (1994), Canto II, p. 29, vv. 109-111:
- pro (as in English “pros and cons”)
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
pro m (invariable)
LadinEdit
NounEdit
pro m (plural pro)
LatinEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Italic *pro-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-, o-grade of *per-.[1]
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
prō (+ ablative, accusative) (accusative in Late Latin)
- for
- on behalf of, in the interest of, for the sake of
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- 𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd. - Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- before, in front of
- instead of
- about
- according to
- as, like
- as befitting
Derived termsEdit
- mōs prō lēge (literally “custom for law”)
- pars prō tōtō (literally “part for the whole”)
- prō fōrmā (literally “for (the sake of) form”)
- prō rata
- prō salūte Imperātōris
- prō tantō
- prōnus
- prope
- prōtinus
- quid prō quō
- semel prō semper (“once and for all”)
DescendantsEdit
- Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)
- Sardinian: pro, po
- → English: pro
- → German: pro
- → Portuguese: pró
ReferencesEdit
- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- pro in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- pro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro viribus or pro mea parte
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro virili parte (cf. sect. V. 22.)
- to die for one's country: mortem occumbere pro patria
- to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: vitam profundere pro patria
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: se morti offerre pro salute patriae
- according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore
- according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re
- to avoid no risk in order to..: nullum periculum recusare pro
- to show gratitude (in one's acts): gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re
- to thank a person (in words): gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re
- to return good for evil: pro maleficiis beneficia reddere
- according to a man's deserts: ex, pro merito
- to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter: pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut
- this much I can vouch for: illud pro certo affirmare licet
- to quote an argument in favour of immortality: argumentum immortalitatis afferre (not pro)
- this goes to prove what I say: hoc est a (pro) me
- the matter speaks for itself: res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur
- to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): verbum pro verbo reddere
- to be security for some one: sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo
- to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf: ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo or pro aliqua re
- to give some one satisfaction for an injury: satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis
- to tell lies: falsa (pro veris) dicere
- a religious war: bellum pro religionibus susceptum
- to sacrifice human victims: pro victimis homines immolare
- to fight for hearth and home: pro aris et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare
- to support a bill (before the people): pro lege dicere
- to go to Cilicia as pro-consul: pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci
- to give evidence on some one's behalf: testimonium dicere pro aliquo
- to state as evidence: pro testimonio dicere
- to defend a person: causam dicere pro aliquo
- to punish some one: ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)
- to be on duty before the gates: stationes agere pro portis
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- pro in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
- ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “pro-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
LuxembourgishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin.
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro
Middle EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
pro
DescendantsEdit
- English: pro
ReferencesEdit
- “prō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-07-10.
OccitanEdit
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro
Old FrenchEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PrepositionEdit
pro
- (very early Old French) Alternative form of por
Etymology 2Edit
From Late Latin prōde. Doublet of preu.
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
pro m (nominative singular pro)
- profit, advantage
- ca. 1050, Vie de Saint Alexis :
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- Good was the time of the ancients, as there was trust, in which nowadays there is no profit. Everything has changed and has lost its color.
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- 11th century, Chanson de Roland, 221-222 :
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
- (Ganelon speaks to Charlemaigne) And he said to the king, "You should never believe a madman: [believe] neither me nor anyone else, unless it is of your advantage. [...]"
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
DescendantsEdit
- French: prou (in the idiom peu ou prou)
Old SpanishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Late Latin prōde (“useful”), perhaps via Old Occitan pro.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
pro f (usually uncountable)
- usefulness, advantage, benefit
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v.
- Andat ¬ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq́l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. […]
- “Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! […] ”
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mio Cid 1374:
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- We would do well marrying his daughters, out of need for [our own] benefit.
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 1913:
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
- I want to always support the Cid.
- (literally, “I want to walk for my Cid in every advantage.”)
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v.
Related termsEdit
PortugueseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
Contraction of pra o.
PronunciationEdit
- Hyphenation: pro
ContractionEdit
pro (feminine pra, masculine plural pros, feminine plural pras)
- (colloquial) Contraction of pra o (“for/to the (masculine singular)”).
SardinianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- po (Campidanese)
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro
SpanishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Spanish pro, from Late Latin prōde (“useful”).
NounEdit
pro m (plural pros)
Etymology 2Edit
A recent Latinism, borrowed from Latin prō; see above. Doublet of por.
PrepositionEdit
pro
Usage notesEdit
Equivalent to, and often replaced with, en pro de (see en, de) or a favor de (see a, favor).
Etymology 3Edit
A very recent anglicism, borrowed from English pro.
NounEdit
pro m or f (plural pros)
- pro (professional)
- Ella es toda una pro.
- She's a real pro.
AdjectiveEdit
pro (plural pro or pros)
- pro (professional)
- Los atletas pro llegaron ayer, los otros vienen hoy.
- The pro athletes arrived yesterday, the rest are coming today.
- 2016, Club de la Lucha, 2016-01-12 Entrevista The Fight Cub Torre Del Mar:https://www.clubdelalucha.es/blog/entrevistas/entrevista-the-fight-cub-torre-del-mar
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
- We've had pro and newbie fighters, but right now they're not active.
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
Further readingEdit
- “pro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
VolapükEdit
PrepositionEdit
pro