U+5171, 共
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171

[U+5170]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5172]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 12, +4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 44801, composition )

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

Derived characters

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See also

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
  • Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5171

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𦱹
𠔏
𩇿

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (two hands) + (an object) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually (not mouth) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not twenty), which later fused with to form the modern 共.

Possibly the original form of (“to provide; to offer”).

Etymology 1

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Possibly related to (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).

The reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • qiung5 - vernacular;
  • kung5 - literary.
Note:
  • kāng, kā - vernacular (kā - also written as );
  • kiōng - literary.
Note:
  • gong5 - vernacular;
  • gong4 - literary.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /kuŋ⁵¹/
    Harbin /kuŋ⁵³/
    Tianjin /kuŋ⁵³/
    Jinan /kuŋ²¹/
    Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /kuŋ³¹²/
    Xi'an /kuŋ⁴⁴/
    Xining /kuə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /kuŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /kũn¹³/
    Ürümqi /kuŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /koŋ³⁵/
    Chengdu /koŋ¹³/
    Guiyang /koŋ²¹³/
    Kunming /koŋ¹/
    Nanjing /koŋ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /kəŋ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /kuəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /kuŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /kũŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /goŋ²³/
    Suzhou /goŋ³¹/
    Hangzhou /goŋ¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑyɔ²²/
    Hui Shexian /kʰuʌ̃²²/
    Tunxi /kan⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /koŋ⁵⁵/
    /koŋ¹¹/
    Xiangtan /gən²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ~雙筷子
    /kʰuŋ²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰiuŋ⁵³/
    Taoyuan /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /koŋ²²/
    Nanning /kuŋ²²/
    Hong Kong /kuŋ²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiɔŋ²²/
    /iŋ²²/
    /kaŋ²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kaŋ³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /koŋ³³/
    /kaŋ²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (30)
    Final () (7)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter gjowngH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɡɨoŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɡioŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ɡioŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /guawŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /ɡioŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /ɡĭwoŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /gi̯woŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    jiòng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gung6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    gòng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ gjowngH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
    English together, all

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 4182
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ɡloŋs/

    Definitions

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    1. common
        ―  gòngshí  ―  common understanding; consensus
    2. together
      晚餐晚餐  ―  gòng jìn wǎncān  ―  to have dinner together
      • 1984, “天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing]”, in 滕近輝 [Philip Teng], 何統雄 [Richard Ho], transl., 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]:
        興起地上大小響應諸天頌揚 [MSC, trad.]
        兴起地上大小响应诸天颂扬 [MSC, simp.]
        Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]
        Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics]
        Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]
    3. to share
    4. altogether
      前後 [MSC, trad.]
      前后 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]
      From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.
    5. Short for 共產黨共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).
        ―  fǎngòng  ―  anti-communist
      1. (specifically) the Communist Party of China
          ―  guógòng  ―  Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China
    6. (literary or dialectal) and
    7. (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to
      [Hokkien, trad.]
      [Hokkien, simp.]
      Góa lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      I tell you.
    8. (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for
      開門 [Hokkien, trad.]
      开门 [Hokkien, simp.]
      góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Open the door for me.
    9. (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis
      [Hokkien, trad.]
      [Hokkien, simp.]
      góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Remember this!
    10. (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb
      袂記 [Hokkien, trad.]
      袂记 [Hokkien, simp.]
      i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      Forget about him.
    11. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same
      [Hokkien]  ―  kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  the same
      [Hokkien]  ―  bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  not the same; different
    Synonyms
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    • (and):
    • (for):
    • (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):
    • (particle introducing the object of the verb):
    Note
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    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Vietnamese: cộng ()

    Others:

    Etymology 2

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    Pronunciation

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    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (7)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter kjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /kioŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /kĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ki̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gung1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4170
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kloŋ/

    Definitions

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    1. a surname

    Etymology 3

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    Pronunciation

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    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (7)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter kjowng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kɨoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kioŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kioŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kuawŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /kioŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /kĭwoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ki̯woŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    jiōng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gung1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 4170
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kloŋ/

    Definitions

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    1. (literary) Alternative form of (to provide)
    2. (literary) Alternative form of (gōng, respectful)
    3. (literary) Alternative form of (gōng, castration (as punishment))

    Etymology 4

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    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    1. (literary) Alternative form of (gǒng, to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround)

    References

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    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. together
    2. both
    3. all
    4. with
    5. co-

    Readings

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    • Go-on: (ku)くう ()
    • Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)きよう (kyou, historical)
    • Kan’yō-on: (gu)
    • Kun: とも (tomo, , Jōyō)

    Pronunciation

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    Compounds

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    Noun

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    (とも) (tomo

    1. both, all

    Prefix

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    (きょう) (kyō-

    1. co-

    Suffix

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    (とも) (-tomo

    1. altogether
    2. ...included
      (そう)(りょう)(とも)
      sōryō-tomo
      including shipping fees, including postage

    Synonyms

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    Suffix

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    (ども) (-domo

    1. indicates plural:
      1. when attached to a human noun
      2. (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
        • c. 10011014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)
          「まづ、(によう)(ばう)()でね」とて、(わらは)姿(すがた)どものをかしげなるを御覧(ごらん)ず。いとらうたげなる(かみ)どものすそ、 []
          “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, []
          "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, []

    Usage notes

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    Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).

    Synonyms

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    References

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    1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    (eumhun 함께 (hamkke gong))

    1. hanja form? of (common; together)

    Compounds

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    : Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
    : Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng

    1. chữ Hán form of cộng (to add; plus).
    2. Nôm form of cùng (with, and; same).

    References

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    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999