Wiktionary

候

See also: 侯
候 U+5019, 候
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5019
← 倘
[U+5018] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 倚 →
[U+501A]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

候 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人中弓大 (OLNK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 775
  • Dae Jaweon: page 229, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5019

Chinese edit

trad. 候
simp. # 候
2nd round simp. 𫶬
alternative forms 𠋫
𠊱

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
緱 *koː, *koː
侯 *ɡoː
喉 *ɡoː
猴 *ɡoː
瘊 *ɡoː
篌 *ɡoː
糇 *ɡoː
帿 *ɡoː
睺 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦 *ɡoː
餱 *ɡoː
翭 *ɡoː
葔 *ɡoː
鄇 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭 *ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸 *ɡoː
候 *ɡoːs
堠 *ɡoːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː), as 𠊱. The 矦 component (here in modified form where the first 丿 stroke is omitted and the second 丿 stroke is written as a 丨 stroke) is an ancient form of 侯 (hóu).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • hiō/hō͘ - literary;
  • hāu - vernacular.
Rime
Character 候
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 侯 (137)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡遘切
Baxter huwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦəuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣəuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəwH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣəuH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣə̯uH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hòu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hau6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 候
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hòu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huwH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o-s/
English wait upon

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 候
Reading # 1/1
No. 5154
Phonetic
component 		侯
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		𠋫
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːs/

Definitions edit

候

  1. to reconnoitre; to scout
  2. to observe; to survey
  3. to wait for; to await
  4. to respectfully await
  5. to visit; to send one's respects to
  6. to wait on; to attend to; to take care of
  7. to forecast; to predict (by divination)
  8. (historical) scout; lookout; vanguard
  9. (historical) Alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”)
  10. (historical) official
  11. (historical) posthouse; station
  12. (historical) pentad (ancient time unit composed of five days)
  13. climate; season
  14. omen; sign; portent
  15. (traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse)
  16. (traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom
  17. (dialectal) to pay for (a bill)

Compounds edit

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

候

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. climate
  2. season
  3. weather

Readings edit

See also edit

Compounds edit

Terms derived from 候

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
候
こう
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

候(こう) • (kō) 

  1. (literary) the season, the weather of the current season
Derived terms edit
Compounds edit
Compounds derived from こう

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
候
うかみ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Daijirin-only entry, probable RFD”)

Noun edit

候(うかみ) • (ukami) 

  1. (obsolete) Alternative spelling of 窺見 (“lookout, scout”)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
候
そうろう
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/saburaɸu/ → /sauraɸu/ → /soːroː/

A sound shift from 侍(さぶら)う (saburau, “to serve by one's side”), historical さぶらふ. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Alternative forms edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

候(そうろう) • (sōrou) ←さうらふ (saurafu)?godan (stem 候(そうろい) (sōroi), past 候(そうろっ)た (sōrotta))

  1. (archaic) Alternative form of 候う (“to serve; to be”)
Derived terms edit
Terms derived from そうろう
Compounds edit

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
候
そろ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Late-medieval transition from sōrō above.[1]

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

候(そろ) • (soro) 
(alternative reading hiragana す, rōmaji su)
(alternative reading hiragana そう, rōmaji sou, historical hiragana さう)

  1. (archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
  2. (archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb
    • 1939, Takamori Saigō, 遺牘‎[3]:
      誠(まこと)に可笑(わらうべき)事(こと)に御座(ござい)候(そろ)。
      Makoto ni waraubeki koto ni gozaisoro.
      It is verily a laughable thing.
Derived terms edit

Etymology 5 edit

Kanji in this term
候
ぞうろ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/zauro/ → /zoːro/

Stem of rendaku form 候う (zōrou), used in compounds. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

候(ぞうろ) • (zōro) ←ざうろ (zauro)?

  1. service
  2. doing

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation edit

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

候 (eumhun 기후 후 (gihu hu))

  1. Hanja form? of 후 (“climate; season”).
  2. Hanja form? of 후 (“to forecast; to wait”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

候: Hán Nôm readings: hầu, hậu, thoắng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=候&oldid=78602621"