候

See also: 侯

候 U+5019, 候 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5019 ← 倘 [U+5018] CJK Unified Ideographs 倚 → [U+501A]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

候 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人中弓大 (OLNK), four-corner 2723₄, composition ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters

• 𤠣, 𥱌, 𦃺, 𩌖, 𩺟, 𬑟, 𬫺

References

• KangXi: page 108, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 775
• Dae Jaweon: page 229, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 5
• Unihan data for U+5019

Chinese

trad.		候
simp. #		候
2nd round simp.		𫶬
alternative forms		𠋫 𠊱

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
緱	*koː, *koː
侯	*ɡoː
喉	*ɡoː
猴	*ɡoː
瘊	*ɡoː
篌	*ɡoː
糇	*ɡoː
帿	*ɡoː
睺	*ɡoː, *ɡoːs
矦	*ɡoː
餱	*ɡoː
翭	*ɡoː
葔	*ɡoː
鄇	*ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鍭	*ɡoː, *ɡoːs
鯸	*ɡoː
候	*ɡoːs
堠	*ɡoːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡoːs): semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː), as 𠊱. The 矦 component (here in modified form where the first 丿 stroke is omitted and the second 丿 stroke is written as a 丨 stroke) is an ancient form of 侯 (hóu).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hòu (hou⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hau⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): heu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hêu⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): hou³
• Min Bei (KCR): hē
• Min Dong (BUC): hâiu
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hiō / hō͘ / hāu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hao⁷

• Wu (Wiktionary): ³hheu

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hòu
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
    • Wade–Giles: hou⁴
    • Yale: hòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
    • Palladius: хоу (xou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hau⁶
    • Yale: hauh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hau⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: heo⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐu̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu
    • Hakka Romanization System: heu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: heu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hêu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /heu⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hou³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəu⁴⁵/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hē
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xe⁵⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hâiu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²⁴²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiō
    • Tâi-lô: hiō
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hioi
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hio⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
    • Tâi-lô: hōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ho
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāu
    • Tâi-lô: hāu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hau
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hau³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/

Note:

• hiō/hō͘ - literary;
• hāu - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hao⁷
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hāu
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hau¹¹/

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: ³hheu
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦɜ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /ɦəu^H/

Rime
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡遘切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəuH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəuH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəuH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəwH/
Li Rong	/ɣuH/
Wang Li	/ɣəuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣə̯uH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hau6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ(r)o-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hòu
Middle Chinese	‹ huwH ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o-s/
English	wait upon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
No.	5154
Phonetic component	侯
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	𠋫
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːs/

Definitions

候

1. to reconnoitre; to scout
2. to observe; to survey
3. to wait for; to await
4. to respectfully await
5. to visit; to send one's respects to
6. to wait on; to attend to; to take care of
7. to forecast; to predict (by divination)
8. (historical) scout; lookout; vanguard
9. (historical) Alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”).
10. (historical) official
11. (historical) posthouse; station
12. (historical) ancient time unit composed of five days
13. climate; season
14. omen; sign; portent
15. (traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse)
16. (traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom
17. (dialectal) to pay for (a bill)

Compounds

Derived terms from 候

• 三部九候
• 不候
• 久候
• 伺候 (cìhou)
• 侍候 (shìhòu)
• 俟候
• 候人
• 候光
• 候教
• 候旨
• 候用
• 候缺
• 候鴈
• 兆候 (zhàohòu)
• 全天候 (quántiānhòu)
• 回候
• 堂候官
• 天候 (tiānhòu)
• 失候
• 存候
• 季候 (jìhòu)
• 守候 (shǒuhòu)
• 少候
• 恭候 (gōnghòu)
• 拜候
• 拱候
• 探候
• 斥候 (chìhòu)
• 望候
• 火候 (huǒhòu)
• 烽候
• 物候
• 病候 (bìnghòu)
• 症候 (zhènghòu)
• 症候群 (zhènghòuqún)

• 祗候
• 祗候人
• 稍候 (shāohòu)
• 立候
• 等候 (děnghòu)
• 虞候
• 警候
• 迎候 (yínghòu)
• 占候
• 乾燥氣候／干燥气候
• 佇候／伫候 (zhùhòu)
• 候問／候问
• 候場／候场
• 候審／候审 (hòushěn)
• 候機室／候机室 (hòujīshì)
• 候溫／候温
• 候脈／候脉 (hòumài)
• 候蟲／候虫
• 候補／候补 (hòubǔ)
• 候診／候诊 (hòuzhěn)
• 候診室／候诊室 (hòuzhěnshì)
• 候賬／候账
• 候車／候车 (hòuchē)
• 候車室／候车室 (hòuchēshì)
• 候選／候选 (hòuxuǎn)
• 候選人／候选人 (hòuxuǎnrén)
• 候館／候馆
• 候鳥／候鸟 (hòuniǎo)
• 問候／问候 (wènhòu)
• 夏候鳥／夏候鸟
• 大氣候／大气候 (dàqìhòu)
• 季風氣候／季风气候
• 官員祇候／官员祇候
• 寒帶氣候／寒带气候
• 小時候／小时候 (xiǎoshíhou)

• 徵候／征候 (zhēnghòu)
• 成氣候／成气候
• 承顏候色／承颜候色
• 摸氣候／摸气候
• 斬監候／斩监候
• 時候／时候 (shíhou)
• 有時候／有时候 (yǒushíhou)
• 極地氣候／极地气候
• 氣候／气候 (qìhòu)
• 氣候學／气候学 (qìhòuxué)
• 氣候順化／气候顺化
• 沙漠氣候／沙漠气候
• 海洋氣候／海洋气候
• 測候／测候 (cèhòu)
• 癥候／症候
• 節候／节候
• 聽候／听候 (tīnghòu)
• 聽候官身／听候官身
• 聽候發落／听候发落
• 臺候／台候
• 苔原氣候／苔原气候
• 草原氣候／草原气候
• 覘候／觇候
• 診候／诊候
• 證候／证候
• 這時候／这时候
• 過時不候／过时不候
• 靜候／静候 (jìnghòu)
• 順候／顺候
• 風候／风候
• 風雲氣候／风云气候
• 高地氣候／高地气候
• 鵠候／鹄候
• 麥候／麦候
• 黃梅時候／黄梅时候

References

• “候”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

候

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. climate
2. season
3. weather

Readings

• Go-on: ぐ (gu)
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
• Kun: そうろう (sōrō, 候, Jōyō)^{←さうらふ (saurafu, historical)}; うかがう (ukagau, 候う)^{←うかがふ (ukagafu, historical)}; さぶらう (saburau, 候う)^{←さぶらふ (saburafu, historical)}
• Nanori: きざす (kizasu)

See also

• 候(そ)い (soi)
• 候(そ)う (sou)
• 候(そ)え (soe)

Compounds

Terms derived from 候

• 候(こう)補(ほ) (kōho, “candidate, candidacy”)
• 症(しょう)候(こう) (shōkō, “symptoms”)
• 斥(せっ)候(こう) (sekkō, “scout, spy”)
• 兆(ちょう)候(こう), 徴(ちょう)候(こう) (chōkō, “sign, omen”)
• 微(び)候(こう) (bikō, “sign or symptom; augury”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
候
こう Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC ɦəu^H). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• (Tokyo) こ​ー [kóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞ː]

Noun

候(こう) • (kō) 

1. (literary) the season, the weather of the current season

Derived terms

• 厳(げん)寒(かん)の候(こう) (genkan no kō, “the coldest season or weather”)
• 伺(し)候(こう) (shikō, “waiting upon (someone)”)

Compounds

Compounds derived from こう

• 季(き)候(こう) (kikō, “weather”)
• 気(き)候(こう) (kikō, “season, climate”)
• 時(じ)候(こう) (jikō, “season, time of the year”)
• 七(しち)十(じゅう)二(に)候(こう) (shichijūni-kō)
• 測(そっ)候(こう) (sokkō, “meteorological observation”)
• 天(てん)候(こう) (tenkō, “climate”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
候
うかみ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Daijirin-only entry, probable RFD”)

Noun

候(うかみ) • (ukami) 

1. (obsolete) Alternative spelling of 窺見 (“lookout, scout”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
候
そうろう Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/saburaɸu/ → /sauraɸu/ → /soːroː/

A sound shift from 侍(さぶら)う (saburau, “to serve by one's side”), historical さぶらふ. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Alternative forms

• 候ふ (archaic)

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• IPA^(key): [so̞ːɾo̞ː]

Verb

候(そうろう) • (sōrou) ^{←さうらふ (saurafu)?} godan, stem 候(そうろい) (sōroi), past 候(そうろっ)た (sōrotta)

1. (archaic) Alternative form of 候う (“to serve; to be”)

Derived terms

Terms derived from そうろう

• 御(おん)入(い)り候(そうろう) (on'iri sōrō, “go, come”)
• 書(か)き候(そうろう) (kakisōrō, “have the honour to write”)
• 候(そうろう)間(あいだ) (sōrōaida, “as...”)
• 候(そうろう)所(ところ) (sōrōtokoro, “but...”)
• 候(そうろう)哉(や) (sōrōya, “I wonder if...”)
• 候(そうろう)由(よし) (sōrōyoshi, “I hear that...”)
• 宜(よう)候(そろ) (yōsoro, “Keep her steady”)

Compounds

• 居(い)候(そうろう) (isōrō, “freeloader, sponger”)
• 候(そうろう)文(ぶん) (sōrōbun, “epistolary style”)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
候
そろ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Late-medieval transition from sōrō above.

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• IPA^(key): [so̞ɾo̞]

Verb

候(そろ) • (soro) 
(alternative reading hiragana す, rōmaji su)
(alternative reading hiragana そう, rōmaji sou, historical hiragana さう)

1. (archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
   • 1863 August 11, Nakaoka Shintarō, 中岡慎太郎全集‎^[2], 日付望月清平、小畑孫二郎、河野万寿弥宛:

     止(と)め候(そろ)は如何(いかん)、実(じつ)に可慨(なげくべき)之(の)至(いたり)に候(そろ)事(こと)。

     Tome soro wa ikan, jitsu ni nagekubeki no itari ni soro koto.

     How can he be stopped? It is a truly lamentable result.

2. (archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb
   • 1939, Takamori Saigō, 遺牘‎^[3]:

     誠(まこと)に可笑(わらうべき)事(こと)に御座(ござい)候(そろ)。

     Makoto ni waraubeki koto ni gozaisoro.

     It is verily a laughable thing.

Derived terms

• 又(また)候(ぞろ) (matazoro, “(yet) again”)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
候
ぞうろ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/zauro/ → /zoːro/

Stem of rendaku form 候う (zōrou), used in compounds. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• IPA^(key): [d͡zo̞ːɾo̞]

Noun

候(ぞうろ) • (zōro) ^{←ざうろ (zauro)?}

1. service
2. doing

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC ɦəu^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅮᇢ〮 (Yale: hhwúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean ⿲亻亻𫶬/후〯 (hwǔ) (Yale: hwǔ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɸʷu]
• Phonetic hangul: [후]

Hanja

Wikisource

候, eumhun 기후 후 (gihu hu)

1. Hanja form^? of 후 (“climate; season”).
2. Hanja form^? of 후 (“to forecast; to wait”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 후보 (候補, hubo)
• 징후 (徵候, jinghu)
• 절후 (節候, jeolhu)
• 증후 (症候, jeunghu)
• 기후 (氣候, gihu)
• 천후 (天候, cheonhu)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

Han character

候: Hán Nôm readings: hầu, hậu, thoắng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.