膠

	Old Chinese
醪	*ruːw
嫪	ruːw, rɯːws
嘐	ɡ·ruːw, krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw
賿	rrɯːw, rrɯːwʔ
顟	*rrɯːw
膠	krɯːw, krɯːws, *kʰrɯːw
轇	*krɯːw
摎	krɯːw, rɯw
髎	riw, rɯːw
熮	riws, rɯːw, *rɯwʔ
廖	rɯːw, rɯːws, *rɯws
憀	rɯːw, rɯw
豂	*rɯːw
漻	*rɯːw
翏	ɡ·rɯːw, ɡ·rɯws
寥	rɯːw, rɯːwɢ
蓼	rɯːwʔ, rɯwɢ
鄝	*rɯːwʔ
鷚	mɡlɯw, rɯwɢs, mɡrɯw, ɡrɯw
繆	mlɯw, mɡrɯw, mrɯws, mlɯwɢ
勠	rɯw, rɯwɢs, *rɯwɢ
疁	*rɯw
飂	rɯw, rɯws
鏐	rɯw, rɯw
僇	rɯwɢs, rɯwɢ
瘳	*r̥ʰɯw
璆	ɡlɯw, ɡrɯw
謬	*mrɯws
蟉	ɡ·rɯw, ɡrɯw, *ɡrɯwʔ
樛	*krɯw
磟	ruːwɢ, rɯwɢ
戮	*rɯwɢ
剹	*rɯwɢ
穋	*rɯwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯːw, *krɯːws, *kʰrɯːw) : semantic ⺼ (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 翏 (OC *ɡ·rɯːw, *ɡ·rɯws).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiāo (jiao¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiao¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaau¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gau¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kâu

(Meixian, Guangdong): gau¹
Northern Min (KCR): gáu
Eastern Min (BUC): gĕu / gău / gă
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ka / kau

(Teochew, Peng'im): ga¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiāo
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiao
  - Wade–Giles: chiao¹
  - Yale: jyāu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiau
  - Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jiao¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giao
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiau⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gaau¹
  - Yale: gāau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gao¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːu̯⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gau¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kau³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâu
  - Hakka Romanization System: gau^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gau¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kau̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gau¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kau⁴⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gáu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kau⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gĕu / gău / gă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɛu⁵⁵/, /kau⁵⁵/, /ka⁵⁵/

Note:

gĕu/gău - literary;
gă - vernacular.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka
  - Tâi-lô: ka
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaf
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ka³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kau
  - Tâi-lô: kau
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaw
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kau⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kau³³/

Note:

ka - vernacular;
kau - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ga¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ka
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka³³/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹kau
  - MiniDict: kau^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɔ⁵³/

Middle Chinese: kaew, khaew, kaewH

Rime
Character	膠	膠	膠
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	溪 (29)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)	肴 (90)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II	II
Fanqie	古肴切	口交切	古孝切
Baxter	kaew	khaew	kaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠau/	/kʰˠau/	/kˠau^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚau/	/kʰᵚau/	/kᵚau^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kau/	/kʰau/	/kau^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨw/	/kʰaɨw/	/kaɨw^H/
Li Rong	/kau/	/kʰau/	/kau^H/
Wang Li	/kau/	/kʰau/	/kau^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kau/	/kʰau/	/kau^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiāo	qiāo	jiào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaau¹	haau¹	gaau³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤriw/, /*[k]ˤriwʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*krɯːw/, /*krɯːws/, /*kʰrɯːw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膠	膠
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiāo	jiǎo
Middle Chinese	‹ kæw ›	‹ kæw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁriw/	/*[k]ˁriwʔ/
English	glue	glue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膠	膠	膠
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	8350	8354	8355
Phonetic component	翏	翏	翏
Rime group	幽	幽	幽
Rime subdivision	2	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	交	敎	敲
Old Chinese	/*krɯːw/	/*krɯːws/	/*kʰrɯːw/
Notes			校本改目旁

Definitions

膠

glue; adhesive; gum; resin
rubber (material)
to glue; to adhere
sticky; gluey
(Cantonese) plastic
Short for 膠州／胶州 (Jiāozhōu).
Short for 膠澳／胶澳. (former name of 青島／青岛 (Qīngdǎo))
(Wenzhounese) swim bladder

Synonyms

(rubber):

Dialectal synonyms of 橡膠 (“rubber (material)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		膠
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	膠皮, 橡膠
	Taiwan	橡膠, 橡皮
	Singapore	橡皮
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	膠皮, 橡膠
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	膠皮, 橡膠
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	橡膠, 橡皮, 膠皮
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	橡膠, 橡皮, 膠
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	橡膠
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	橡膠
Cantonese	Guangzhou	樹膠, 膠
	Hong Kong	樹膠, 膠
	Taishan	樹膠, 膠
	Yangjiang	樹膠
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	樹溶
Gan	Nanchang	橡膠, 橡皮
Hakka	Meixian	樹仁仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	橡膠
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	橡膠
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	橡膠
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	橡膠
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	橡膠
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	橡膠
Jin	Taiyuan	膠皮, 橡膠
Northern Min	Jian'ou	橡膠, 樹奶
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	橡膠, 樹奶
Southern Min	Xiamen	樹奶
	Quanzhou	樹奶
	Zhangzhou	樹奶
	Taipei	樹奶
	Kaohsiung	樹奶
	Penang (Hokkien)	樹奶
	Singapore (Hokkien)	樹奶
	Manila (Hokkien)	goma, 樹奶
	Chaozhou	樹奶
Wu	Suzhou	橡膠, 橡皮
Wu	Wenzhou	橡皮
Xiang	Changsha	橡膠, 橡皮
Xiang	Shuangfeng	橡膠, 橡皮

(plastic):

Dialectal synonyms of 塑料 (“plastic”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		塑料
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	塑料
	Taiwan	塑膠, 塑料
	Malaysia	塑膠
	Singapore	塑膠
Southwestern Mandarin	Guilin	塑料
Cantonese	Guangzhou	塑料, 塑膠, 膠
	Hong Kong	塑膠, 膠
	Taishan	塑膠, 膠
	Kaiping (Chikan)	膠
Hakka	Meixian	塑料
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	塑膠
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	塑膠
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	塑膠
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	塑膠
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	塑膠
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	塑膠
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	塑膠
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	塑膠
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	塑膠
Southern Min	Xiamen	塑料
	Quanzhou	塑料
	Zhangzhou	塑料
	Tainan	塑膠
	Manila (Hokkien)	塑膠
	Shantou	塑料
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	塑料
	Jieyang	塑料
Wu	Shanghai	塑料
Wu	Ningbo	塑膠

(swim bladder):

Dialectal synonyms of 魚鰾 (“swim bladder”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		魚鰾, 鰾
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	魚尿脬
	Chifeng	魚脬, 魚尿脬
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	魚尿脬
	Harbin	魚泡兒
	Shenyang	魚泡
	Singapore	魚鰾
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	魚泡兒
	Tangshan	魚尿脬
	Cangzhou	魚尿包
	Baoding	魚尿脬
	Shijiazhuang	魚泡兒
	Jinan	魚泡, 魚飄
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	魚泡兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Qingdao	魚鰾兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Zhengzhou	魚尿脬
	Xi'an	魚脯兒
	Xining	魚尿脬, 魚漂兒
	Xuzhou	魚泡兒, 魚尿脬
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	魚泡, 魚泡兒
	Lanzhou	魚泡兒
	Ürümqi	魚泡兒
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	魚泡, 魚泡兒
	Chongqing	魚泡兒
	Wuhan	魚泡, 泡
	Guiyang	魚鰾, 魚脬
	Kunming	魚尿脬
	Guilin	魚泡
	Liuzhou	魚脬, 魚泡
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	魚泡泡, 魚脬兒
	Yangzhou	魚泡子, 魚脬
	Nantong	魚鰾, 魚泡
	Hefei	魚泡
Cantonese	Guangzhou	魚泡, 魚白
	Hong Kong	魚泡
	Macau	魚泡
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	魚泡
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	魚泡
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	魚泡
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	魚泡
	Foshan	魚泡
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	魚泡
	Foshan (Shunde)	魚泡
	Foshan (Sanshui)	魚泡
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	魚泡
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	魚泡
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	魚泡
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	魚泡
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	魚泡
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	魚泡
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	魚泡
	Taishan	魚泡
	Kaiping (Chikan)	魚泡
	Enping (Niujiang)	魚泡
	Heshan (Yayao)	魚泡
	Dongguan	魚泡
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	魚朵
Gan	Nanchang	魚泡
Gan	Pingxiang	魚泡
Hakka	Meixian	魚泡仔, 魚泡
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	魚鰾
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	魚泡
	Longmen (Luxi Bendihua)	魚白
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	魚鰾
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	魚泡
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	魚泡
	Wengyuan	魚鰾
	Liannan	泡
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	魚泡
	Jiexi	魚泡
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	魚泡
	Changting	魚泡哩
	Wuping (Yanqian)	魚泡
	Ninghua	魚泡
	Yudu	魚泡
	Ningdu	魚鰾
	Tonggu (Sandu)	魚泡
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	魚鰾
	Dayu	魚泡
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	魚泡
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	魚泡
	Xinyi (Sihe)	魚泡
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	魚泡
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	魚泡
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	魚泡
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	魚泡
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	魚泡
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	魚泡
	Mengshan (Xihe)	魚泡
	Luchuan	魚泡
Huizhou	Jixi	魚泡泡
Jin	Taiyuan	魚泡兒, 魚鰾
	Xinzhou	魚脬
	Linhe	魚泡
	Jining	魚泡
	Hohhot	魚泡兒
	Zhangjiakou	魚尿脬
	Handan	魚泡兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	魚泡
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	魚膠
Southern Min	Xiamen	魚鰾
	Quanzhou	魚鰾
	Zhangzhou	魚鰾, 魚噗
	Tainan	魚鰾
	Singapore (Hokkien)	魚鰾
	Shantou	魚鰾
	Shantou (Chenghai)	魚鰾
	Haikou	魚鰾
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	魚泡
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	魚泡
Wu	Shanghai	魚泡泡
	Shanghai (Chongming)	魚泡
	Suzhou	魚鰾鰾
	Hangzhou	魚泡泡兒
	Ningbo	魚泡泡
	Wenzhou	魚膠, 膠
	Jinhua	魚泡
Xiang	Changsha	魚脬
Xiang	Loudi	魚脬

Compounds

Descendants

→ Burmese: ကော် (kau)
→ Khmer: កាវ (kaaw)
→ Lao: ກາວ (kāo)
→ Thai: กาว (gaao)
→ Vietnamese: keo (non-Sino-Vietnamese)

Etymology 2

Near homophone of the vulgar word 鳩／鸠 (gau¹).

Pronunciation

Cantonese (Jyutping): gaau¹

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gaau¹
  - Yale: gāau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gao¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːu̯⁵⁵/

Definitions

膠 (Hong Kong Cantonese)

(originally Internet slang) stupid; foolish; dumb
膠劇／胶剧 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― gaau¹ kek⁶ [Jyutping] ― stupid soap operas
(Internet slang) stupidness; stupidity (Classifier: 打 c)
(originally Internet slang, offensive) idiot; retard
左膠／左胶 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― zo² gaau¹ [Jyutping] ― leftard

巴膠／巴胶 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― baa¹ gaau¹ [Jyutping] ― bus fans with bad behaviours
(originally Internet slang, possibly offensive) nerd; enthusiast
腳膠／脚胶 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― goek³ gaau¹ [Jyutping] ― foot fetish

巴膠／巴胶 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― baa¹ gaau¹ [Jyutping] ― bus enthusiast
(chiefly Internet slang) to act stupidly; to act foolishly

Compounds

假膠／假胶 (gaa² gaau¹)
大中華膠／大中华胶 (daai⁶ zung¹ waa⁴ gaau¹)
左膠／左胶 (zo² gaau¹)
巴膠／巴胶 (baa¹ gaau¹)
派膠／派胶 (paai³ gaau¹)
煩膠／烦胶
玩膠／玩胶
真心膠／真心胶 (zan¹ sam¹ gaau¹)
硬膠／硬胶 (ngaang⁶ gaau¹)
腳膠／脚胶 (goek³ gaau¹)
膠劇／胶剧 (gaau¹ kek⁶)
自膠／自胶 (zi⁶ gaau¹)
鐵膠／铁胶 (tit³ gaau¹)

Japanese

Kanji

膠

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Go-on: きょう (kyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
Kan-on: こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
Kun: にかわ (nikawa, 膠)

Compounds

阿膠(あきょう) (akyō)
魚膠(うおにかわ) (uonikawa)
希突起膠細胞(きとっきこうさいぼう) (kitokkikōsaibō): oligodendrocyte
魚膠(ぎょこう) (gyokō)
膠化(こうか) (kōka)
膠原質(こうげんしつ) (kōgenshitsu)
膠原繊維(こうげんせんい) (kōgensen'i)
膠原病(こうげんびょう) (kōgenbyō)
膠砂(こうさ) (kōsa)
膠剤(こうざい) (kōzai)
膠漆(こうしつ) (kōshitsu)
膠質(こうしつ) (kōshitsu)
膠州湾(こうしゅうわん) (Kōshūwan)
膠状(こうじょう) (kōjō)
膠着(こうちゃく) (kōchaku)
膠柱(こうちゅう) (kōchū)
膠泥(こうでい) (kōdei)
金泥(こんでい) (kondei)
漆膠(しっこう) (shikkō)
小膠細胞(しょうこうさいぼう) (shōkōsaibō): microglia
神経膠細胞(しんけいこうさいぼう) (shinkeikōsaibō): neuroglia
神経膠腫(しんけいこうしゅ) (shinkeikōshu): glioma
透(す)き膠(にかわ) (sukinikawa)
星状膠細胞(せいじょうこうさいぼう) (seijōkōsaibō): astrocyte
膠下地(にかわしたじ) (nikawashitaji)
膠質(にかわしつ) (nikawashitsu)
膠(にかわ)す (nikawasu): stay as if stuck to glue
膠付(にかわづ)け (nikawazuke)
鮸膠(にべ) (nibe), 鰾膠(にべ) (nibe)
鰾膠(にべにかわ) (nibenikawa)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
膠
にかわ Hyōgai
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 膠 – see the following entry.

【にかわ】

[noun] glue

(This term, 膠, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

膠 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

膠: Hán Nôm readings: giao, keo

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.