鳩

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

鳩 (radical 196, 鳥+2, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大弓竹日火 (KNHAF), four-corner 4702₇, composition ⿰九鳥)

Derived charactersEdit

𤄄

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1481, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46648
Dae Jaweon: page 2013, character 12
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4613, character 13
Unihan data for U+9CE9

ChineseEdit

trad.		鳩
simp.		鸠
alternative forms		䲥𩾛

Wikipedia has articles on:

鳩鴿科 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
Columbidae (English)

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 鳩
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
尻	*kʰuː
訄	kʰuː, kʰu, *ɡu
艽	krɯːw, qʰrɯːw, ɡu, ɡʷrɯw
虓	*qʰruː
鳩	*ku
勼	*ku
九	*kuʔ
究	*kus
仇	*ɡu
鼽	*ɡu
犰	*ɡu
叴	*ɡu
厹	*ɡu
頄	ɡu, ɡʷrɯw
朹	ɡu, kʷrɯwʔ
馗	ɡu, ɡʷrɯw
扏	*ɡu
訅	*ɡu
釚	*ɡu
肍	*ɡu
軌	*kʷrɯwʔ
宄	*kʷrɯwʔ
氿	*kʷrɯwʔ
匭	*kʷrɯwʔ
泦	*kuɡ
旭	*qʰʷoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ku): phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(r)əw (“dove, pigeon”) (Benedict, 1974; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Compare Tibetan འང་གུ ('ang gu, “pigeon”), Proto-Loloish *m-krəw², Burmese ချိုး (hkyui:), Proto-Kuki-Chin *khruu.

In some southern Chinese dialects, 鳩 is pronounced with aspirated initial /kʰ/ due to taboo considerations.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): jiū (jiu¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ

(Chengdu, SP): jiu¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): kau¹, gau¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): geu¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiêu

(Meixian, Guangdong): gêu¹
Jin (Wiktionary): jiou¹
Min Bei (KCR): kiú
Min Dong (BUC): kiŭ
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kiu / khiu

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiu¹
Wu (Wiktionary): jieu (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): jy¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: jiū
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
  - Wade–Giles: chiu¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjoʊ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: jiu¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiəu⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: kau¹, gau¹
  - Yale: kāu, gāu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kau¹, gau¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: keo¹, geo¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/, /kɐu̯⁵⁵/

Note:

kau1 - common for non-vulgar senses;
gau1 - common for vulgar senses.

(Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: geu¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /keu³³/

Hakka

(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiêu
- Hakka Romanization System: gieu´
- Hagfa Pinyim: gieu¹
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯²⁴/
(Meixian)
- Guangdong: gêu¹
- Sinological IPA: /keu⁴⁴/

Jin

(Taiyuan)⁺
- Wiktionary: jiou¹
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəu¹¹/

Min Bei

(Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kiú
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiu⁵⁴/

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kiŭ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰieu⁵⁵/

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiu
- Tâi-lô: kiu
- Phofsit Daibuun: kiw
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu³³/
(Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiu
- Tâi-lô: khiu
- Phofsit Daibuun: qiw
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiu⁴⁴/
(Teochew)
- Peng'im: kiu¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiu³³/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: jieu (T1)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɜ⁵³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: jy¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy³³/

Middle Chinese: /kɨu/

Rime
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居求切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw/
Li Rong	/kiu/
Wang Li	/kĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiū

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)u/

(Zhengzhang): /*ku/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiū
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[k](r)u/
English	(a kind of bird)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
No.	6939
Phonetic component	九
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鳩
Old Chinese	/*ku/

DefinitionsEdit

鳩

pigeon; dove (family Columbidae)
(literary) to gather; to assemble
(Cantonese, vulgar) Alternative form of 㞗 (gau¹).
含鳩 / 含鸠 [Cantonese] ― ham⁴ gau¹ [Jyutping] ― (please add an English translation of this example)

CompoundsEdit

DescendantsEdit

→? Hmong: *ɴquᴬ (“pigeon”)

ReferencesEdit

“鳩”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

鳩

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: く (ku)
Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}
Kun: はと (hato, 鳩); あつめる (atsumeru, 鳩める)
Nanori: やす (yasu)

CompoundsEdit

鳩尾(みぞおち) (mizoochi)
斑鳩(いかる) (ikaru), 斑鳩(いかるが) (ikaruga)

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
鳩
はと Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
鴿

鳩 (hato): a pigeon, a dove.

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

ハト

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Columba (genus)

Wikipedia

⟨pato₁⟩ → */patʷo/ → /ɸato/ → /hato/

From Old Japanese, appears in the Kojiki of 712 C.E..^[1]

Possibly ultimately from はたはた (hatahata), an onomatopoeia for the sound of a dove or pigeon's wings in flight.

PronunciationEdit

(Tokyo) はと [háꜜtò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [ha̠to̞]

NounEdit

鳩(はと) • (hato)

pigeon, dove (bird of genus Columba)

Usage notesEdit

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts, as ハト.

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

鳩(はと)車(ぐるま) (hatoguruma, “pigeon cart”)
鳩(はと)小(ご)屋(や) (hatogoya, “dovecote”)
鳩(はと)根(こん)性(じょう) (hato konjō): “pigeon-spirited” → appearing composed while harboring resentment
はと座(ざ) (Hato-za): the Dove or Columba constellation
鳩(はと)酒(ざけ) (hatozake): an old kind of medicine, wherein a pigeon would be tenderized and the bones broken, then the whole carcass would be covered in sake and miso and stewed, purportedly used to treat back pain and poor circulation in the extremities
鳩(はと)染(ぞ)め (hatozome): “pigeon dyeing” → dyeing, or something dyed, in the colors of the turtledove or Japanese green pigeon
鳩(はと)派(は) (hatoha): (politics) the doves (proponents of peace; as opposed to the hawks, proponents of war)
鳩(はと)羽(ば)色(いろ) (hatobairo, “pigeon-wing color → a dark blue-gray”)
鳩(はと)笛(ぶえ) (hatobue, “pigeon flute”)
鳩(はと)吹(ふ)く (hatofuku, “to make a dove call”, such as by blowing a kind of whistle formed by one's cupped hands)
鳩(はと)麦(むぎ) (hatomugi, “pigeon barley → Job's tears, tear grass”)
鳩(はと)胸(むね) (hatomune)

IdiomsEdit

鳩(はと)が豆(まめ)鉄(てっ)砲(ぽう)を食(く)ったよう (hato ga mameteppō o kutta yō, “like a pigeon that ate a peashooter → dumbfounded, taken by surprise”)

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
鳩
きゅう Jinmeiyō
kan’on

/kiu/ → /kʲuː/

From Middle Chinese 鳩 (MC kɨu).

AffixEdit

鳩(きゅう) • (kyū) (historical kana きう)

pigeon, dove
(by extension) gather together (from the way that pigeons flock together)

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

鳩(きゅう)居(きょ) (kyūkyo, “pigeon in a magpie's nest; living in a rented house or apartment”)
鳩(きゅう)合(ごう) (kyūgō)
鳩(きゅう)舎(しゃ) (kyūsha)
鳩(きゅう)車(しゃ) (kyūsha, “pigeon cart”)
鳩(きゅう)首(しゅ) (kyūshu, “putting heads together, consulting in a group”)

ReferencesEdit

^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

鳩 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)

pigeon, dove
collect, assemble

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

鳩 (cưu)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[SMK5-4] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

鳩

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

EtymologyEdit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

CompoundsEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

Usage notesEdit

Derived termsEdit

IdiomsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

AffixEdit

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit