User:Marcas.oduinn/Published/Pronouns/WiP
Irish personal pronouns are not declined as such, but they do have particular forms.
- The first person plural has alternative forms (based on sinn and muid).
- The second person singular may lenite when used objectively (but is subject to the dntls rule).
- Third person pronouns drop their initial s when used with the copula, and objectively.
- Emphatic forms add suffixes.
Summary table
editThe summary table shows the following forms for the personal pronouns:
- copular: Is é.
- analytic verbs:
- as subject, aka conjunctive: Feiceann tú.
- as object, aka disjunctive: Feiceann sé thú.
- emphasis: Is mise
- possessive pronouns, not declined.
- example synthetic, for standard and dialect/archaic forms.
Number and person | Copula | Analytic | Emphatic | Possessive [1] | Example Synthetic[2] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
subject [3] | object [4] | copula | analytic | standard | dialect | ||||
Singular | 1st | mé | mé | mise | moL, m' [5] | -im | -im | ||
2nd | tú | tú | thú | tusa | doL, d' [5] | - | -ir | ||
3rd m | é | sé [6] | é | eisean | seisean | aL | - | -idh | |
3rd f | í | sí | í | ise | sise | aH | |||
3rd n | ea [7] | - | |||||||
Plural | 1st | sinn [8] | sinn | sinne | árN | -imid | -imid | ||
muid | muid | muidne | |||||||
2nd | sibh [8] | sibh | sibhse | bhurN | - | -tí | |||
3rd | iad | siad | iad | iadsan | siadsan | aN | - | -id |
Etymology
editThe etymology table shows how Irish pronouns derive, in whole or in part, from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European pronouns *éǵh₂, *túh₂ and *éy.
Pronoun form | Middle Irish [9] | Old Irish | Proto-Celtic | PIE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
form | root | ||||
mé | mé | *mī | *me | *éǵh₂ | |
tú | tú | *tū | *túh₂ | ||
é | é | *es | *éy | ||
sé | sé | ||||
í | í? [rfi 1] | sí | *sī | *sih₂ | *só + *éy |
sí [ep 1] | |||||
ea [10] | ed | *id | *éy | ||
sinn | sinni [11] | *snīs | *nēs | *éǵh₂ | |
muid | -mid [12] | ||||
sibh | sib | *swiswis [13] | *wos | *túh₂ | |
iad | íat | [14] | |||
siad | síat? [rfi 2] | ||||
mise | messe [15] | ||||
tusa | tussu | ||||
eisean | é-som | ||||
ise | sis(s)i | ||||
sinne | sinni [16] | *snīsni | |||
sibhse | sib-si | ||||
iadsan | [14] | ||||
mo | mo [rfi 3] | *moy | *moy | *éǵh₂ | |
do [ep 2] | do [rfi 4] | *toy | *toy | *túh₂ | |
aL [ep 3] | aL [ep 4] | *esyo [17] | *ésyo | *éy | |
aH [ep 3] | aH [ep 4] | *esyās [18] | *ésyeh₂s | *éy | |
ár | ar [rfi 5] | *anserom | *n̥serōm | *wéy | |
bhur | for | *sweseros | *wes | *wos | |
aN [ep 3] | aN [ep 4] | *eysom [19] | *éysoHom | *éy |
Notes
edit- ^ Using the /L H N/ notation to indicate triggering of lenition, aspiration and eclipsis (for which /E/ may also be seen).
- ^ Active indicative present, slender. Of these forms, besides the standard first person, only the second singular may be heard today. For other tenses, see for example dialect forms on Nualeargais.
- ^ Also conjunctive.
- ^ Also disjunctive.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Elision occurs before vowels and lenited f: m'iníon, d'fhear céile.
- ^ Not to be confused with Is é...> 'Sé....
- ^ The last remaining neuter form in Irish, akin to English it.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 There was an older form without the copular s.
- ^ Entries for Middle Irish are given only if they differ significantly from Old Irish.
- ^ Obsolete spelling eadh.
- ^ This is the emphatic form.
- ^ Synthetic ending re-analysed as a pronoun.
- ^ Reduplicated form of *swīs.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 The Old Irish form is the same as the 3rd sg m, é.
- ^ Messe ocus Pangur Bán....
- ^ Dissimilated from the Proto-Celtic.
- ^ The final vowel triggers lenition.
- ^ The final -s triggers h-prothesis.
- ^ The final nasal triggers eclipsis.
Etymology pointers
editRequests for information
edit- ^ no etymology in entry; suggested in comparison with MGa split of 3rd sg SGa é → é/sé, therefore sí → í/sí.
- ^ no etymology in this entry; suggested based on etymology of iad.
- ^ no Old Irish entry yet, links to Irish version.
- ^ links to entry with preposition "to, for" only.
- ^ entry does not describe personal pronoun yet.
Wiktionary template
editIrish personal pronouns
Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) |
Disjunctive (emphatic) |
Possessive determiner |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | mé (mise) |
mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
Second | tú (tusa)1 |
thú (thusa) |
do L d' before vowel sounds | |
Third masculine | sé (seisean) |
é (eisean) |
a L | |
Third feminine | sí (sise) |
í (ise) |
a H | |
Third neuter | — | ea | — | |
Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) |
ár E | |
Second | sibh (sibhse)1 |
bhur E | ||
Third | siad (siadsan) |
iad (iadsan) |
a E |
External links
edit- An Caighdeán Oifigiúil, 2017
- A Grammar of the Irish Language, O'Donavan, 1845
See also
edit
Category:Irish appendices - Pronouns