Wiktionary

ail

See also: ail-, -ail, àil, áil, -áil, and Äil

English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan, from Proto-Germanic *aglijaną (“to trouble, vex”), cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (agljan, “to distress”).

Verb

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ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailing, simple past and past participle ailed)

  1. (transitive) To cause to suffer; to trouble, afflict. (Now chiefly in interrogative or indefinite constructions.)
    Have some chicken soup. It's good for what ails you.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 21:17:
      What aileth thee, Hagar?
    • 2011, “Connubial bliss in America”, in The Economist:
      Not content with having in 1996 put a Defence of Marriage Act (DOMA) on the statue book, Congress has now begun to hold hearings on a Respect for Marriage Act. Defended, respected: what could possibly ail marriage in America?
  2. (intransitive) To be ill; to suffer; to be troubled.
Quotations
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Derived terms
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Translations
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Noun

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ail (plural ails)

  1. (obsolete) An ailment; trouble; illness.
Translations
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Etymology 2

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From Middle English eyle, eile, from Old English eġle (“hideous, loathsome, hateful, horrid, troublesome, grievous, painful”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus, “hard, difficult”).

Adjective

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ail (comparative ailer or more ail, superlative ailest or most ail)

  1. (obsolete) Painful; troublesome.

Etymology 3

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From Middle English eile, eyle, eiȝle, from Old English eġl (“an ail; awn; beard of barley; mote”), from Proto-Germanic *agilō (“awn”), related to *ahaz (“ear (of grain)”).[1] Cognate with German Achel, Egel, Ägel.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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ail (plural ails)

  1. The awn of barley or other types of corn.

References

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  1. ^ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “Achel”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

Anagrams

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Dalmatian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Latin allium.

Noun

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ail

  1. (Vegliot) garlic

References

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  • Ive, A. (1886) “L'antico dialetto di Veglia [The old dialect of Veglia]”, in G. I. Ascoli, editor, Archivio glottologico italiano [Italian linguistic archive], volume 9, Rome: E. Loescher, pages 115–187

French

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old French, from Latin allium.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ail m (plural ails or aulx)

  1. garlic

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Haitian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
  • Mauritian Creole: lay (from l’ail)
  • Moore: lay (from l’ail)

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Irish

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸales-, from Proto-Indo-European *pelis-, *pels- (“stone”).[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ail f (genitive singular aileach, nominative plural aileacha or ailche)

  1. stone, rock

Declension

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Declension of ail

Fifth declension

Bare forms

Case Singular Plural
Nominative ail aileacha
Vocative a ail a aileacha
Genitive aileach aileacha
Dative ail aileacha

Forms with the definite article

Case Singular Plural
Nominative an ail na haileacha
Genitive na haileach na n-aileacha
Dative leis an ail

don ail

leis na haileacha

Derived terms

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Mutation

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Irish mutation
Radical Eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
ail n-ail hail not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

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  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

Further reading

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Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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ail

  1. Alternative form of ale (“beer”)

Etymology 2

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Noun

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ail

  1. Alternative form of hayle (“hail”)

Norman

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Etymology

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From Old French, from Latin allium.

Noun

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ail m (uncountable)

  1. (Jersey) garlic

Old Irish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Possibly from Proto-Celtic *ɸalos, from Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), see also German Fels (“rock”).[1]

The declension was not stable at the start of the Old Irish period, with a shift from an i-stem declension to a k-stem declension ongoing.

Noun

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ail f (genitive ailech, nominative plural ailich)

  1. rock
  2. foundation
Inflection
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Feminine i-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ail ailL ailiH
Vocative ail ailL ailiH
Accusative ailN ailL ailiH
Genitive aloH, alaH aloH, alaH aileN
Dative ailL ailib ailib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Feminine k-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ail ailichL ailich
Vocative ail ailichL ailchea
Accusative ailichN ailichL ailchea
Genitive ailech ailech ailechN
Dative ailichL ailchib ailchib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Descendants
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Mutation

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Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
ail
(pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments) 		unchanged n-ail
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Etymology 2

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Verb

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·ail

  1. third-person singular present indicative conjunct of ailid

Mutation

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Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
·ail
(pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments) 		unchanged ·n-ail
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

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  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fales-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

Further reading

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Scots

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Etymology

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From Middle English eilen, from Old English eġlan, eġlian (“to trouble, afflict”), from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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ail (third-person singular simple present ails, present participle ailin, simple past ailt, past participle ailt)

  1. to trouble, afflict (of body or mind)
  2. to hinder, prevent
  3. to be ill

References

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Welsh

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Welsh numbers (edit)
20
 ←  1 2 3  → [a], [b]
    Cardinal (masculine): dau
    Cardinal (feminine): dwy
    Ordinal: ail, eilfed
    Ordinal abbreviation: 2il
    Adverbial: dwywaith
    Multiplier: dwbl
Welsh Wikipedia article on 2

Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Middle Welsh eil, from Proto-Brythonic *ėl, from Proto-Celtic *alyos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (“other”).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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ail (feminine singular ail, plural ail, not comparable) (precedes the noun, triggers soft mutation of all nouns)

  1. (ordinal number) second
    Synonym: eilfed
    yr ail lawr ― the second floor

Derived terms

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Mutation

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Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
ail unchanged unchanged hail
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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