estar
AragoneseEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”), from PIE *steh₂-.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
estar
- to be
Usage notesEdit
Contrary to other Iberian languages, Aragonese only makes use of a verb "to be", this means there is no such verb as "ser" or alike.
ConjugationEdit
⠀⠀⠀⠀Impersonal forms | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ||||||||||||||||||
Gerund | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ||||||||||||||||||
Particles | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ||||||||||||||||||
⠀⠀⠀Personal forms | |||||||||||||||||||
Indicative | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as | |||||||||||||
Present | ⠀⠀⠀⠀soi | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yes | ⠀⠀⠀⠀ye | ⠀⠀⠀⠀semos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀soz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀son | |||||||||||||
Imperfect | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yera | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeras | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yera | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yéranos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeraz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeran | |||||||||||||
⠀Simple past⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estié | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiés | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estió | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiemos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estioron | |||||||||||||
Future | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estaré | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarás | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estará | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estaremos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarán | |||||||||||||
⠀Conditional⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarba | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarbas | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarba | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estárbanos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarbaz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarban | |||||||||||||
Subjunctive | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as | |||||||||||||
Present | ⠀⠀⠀⠀siga | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigas | ⠀⠀⠀⠀siga | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigamos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigaz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigan | |||||||||||||
Imperfect | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estase | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estases | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estase | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estásenos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estasez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estasen | |||||||||||||
Imperative | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as | |||||||||||||
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀sé | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- |
CatalanEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”). Compare Occitan estar and Old French ester. Where the velar infix that is characteristic for the second conjugation comes from is unknown.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
estar (first-person singular present estic, past participle estat)
- (transitive, copulative) to be; to currently be in a state or have a characteristic (Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes a temporary state of being.)
- Estic cansada. ― I am tired.
- (auxiliary) forms the continuous aspect, together with a present participle
- Ja està dormint. ― He is already sleeping.
- (intransitive, +adverbial phrase) to be located (to be in a place)
- La Torre Eiffel està a París. ― The Eiffel Tower is in Paris.
Usage notesEdit
This is one of two verbs that can be translated as to be, the other being ser/ésser. Ser/ésser indicates something that is inherent and not expected to change, whereas estar describes temporary qualities that apply only at a particular time. Ser/ésser relates to estar as essence relates to state, etymologically as well as semantically.
ConjugationEdit
infinitive | estar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | estant | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estat | estada | |||||
plural | estats | estades | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | estic | estàs | està | estem | esteu | estan | |
imperfect | estava | estaves | estava | estàvem | estàveu | estaven | |
future | estaré | estaràs | estarà | estarem | estareu | estaran | |
preterite | estiguí | estigueres | estigué | estiguérem | estiguéreu | estigueren | |
conditional | estaria | estaries | estaria | estaríem | estaríeu | estarien | |
subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | estigui | estiguis | estigui | estiguem | estigueu | estiguin | |
imperfect | estigués | estiguessis | estigués | estiguéssim | estiguéssiu | estiguessin | |
imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós |
vostès | |
— | estigues | estigui | estiguem | estigueu | estiguin |
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “estar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “estar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “estar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “estar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Franco-ProvençalEdit
EtymologyEdit
Derived from Latin stō, stāre (to stand, to be (location)).
VerbEdit
estar
- to be (location, state, status)
ConjugationEdit
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | estar | estre estâ | |||||
gerund | estent | estent estâ | |||||
auxiliary verb | estre | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estâ | estâye | |||||
plural | estâs | estâyes | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | jo (j') | tu (t') | il/elli | nos | vos | ils | |
present | esto | estes | este | estens | estaz, estâds | estont | |
imperfect | estâvo | estâves | estâve | estâvans | estavaz, estâvâds | estâvant | |
preterite | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
future | esterei | esterés | estera | esterens | estereiz, esteréds | esterant, esteront | |
conditional | esterê | esterês | esterêt | esterans | esteriaz, esterâds | esteriant | |
compound tenses | present perfect | present indicative of estre + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of estre + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite indicative of estre + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future indicative of estre + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of estre + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j') | que te (t') | qu'il/el | que nos | que vos | qu'ils/els | |
present | esto | estes | este | estens | estâds | estont | |
imperfect | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
compound tenses | past | present subjunctive of estre + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of estre + past participle | ||||||
imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — | |
esta | estens | estâds |
GalicianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”).
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estiven, past participle estado)
- to be
Usage notesEdit
Like Portuguese and Spanish, Galician has two different verbs that are usually translated to English as “to be”. The verb ser relates to essence, origin, or physical description. In contrast, the verb estar relates to current state or position.
ConjugationEdit
See alsoEdit
Further readingEdit
- “estar” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.
LadinoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”).
VerbEdit
estar (Latin spelling)
Old Galician-PortugueseEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
estar
- to be
ConjugationEdit
infinitive | estar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estando | ||||||
past participle | singular | plural | |||||
masculine | — | — | |||||
feminine | — | — | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
eles elas | |
present | estou | estás | está | estamos | estades | estan | |
imperfect | estava | estavas | estava | estavamos | estavades | estavan estavon | |
preterite | *estede esteve estive estivi |
*estedeste *estodeste esteveste *estoveste |
estede *estedo esteve estevo |
*estedemos *estodemos estevemos estovemos |
*estedestes *estodestes esteveste *estoveste |
estederon *estoderon esteveron estoveron | |
pluperfect | *estedera *estodera estevera *estovera |
*estederas *estoderas *esteveras *estoveras |
estedera *estodera estevera *estovera |
*estederamos *estoderamos esteveramos *estoveramos |
*estederades *estoderades esteverades *estoverades |
estederan *estoderan *esteveran estoveran | |
future | estarei | estarás | estará | estaremos | estaredes | estarán | |
conditional | estaria | estarias | estaria | estariamos | *estariades | estarian | |
subjunctive | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
eles elas | |
present | estê | estês | estê estía estea |
estemos | estedes | esten | |
preterite | *estedesse *estodesse estevesse estovesse |
*estedesses *estodesses estevesses *estovesses |
estedesse *estodesse estevesse estovesse |
*estedéssemos *estodéssemos estevéssemos estovéssemos |
*estedéssedes *estodéssedes estevéssedes *estovéssedes |
estedessen *estodessen estevessen estovessen | |
future | *esteder *estoder estever *estover |
*estederes *estoderes esteveres *estoveres |
esteder *estoder estever estover |
*estedermos *estodermos estevermos estovermos |
*estederdes *estoderdes esteverdes *estoverdes |
estederen *estoderen esteveren *estoveren | |
imperative | — | tu | vossa mercee | nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
— | |
affirmative | — | está | estê *estía *estea |
estemos | estade | — | |
negative | — | estês | estê *estía *estea |
estemos | estedes | — | |
personal infinitive | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nós nós outros nós outras |
vós vós outros vós outras |
eles elas | |
estar | estares | estar | estarmos | estardes | estaren |
DescendantsEdit
Old IrishEdit
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
·estar
MutationEdit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
·estar | unchanged | ·n-estar |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
PortugueseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The stems estev- or estiv- found in some inflections likely come from Vulgar Latin *stēvī (perfect in -ēv-, used by some Latin second conjugation verbs), hypothetical perfect stem that displaced original Classical Latin perfect stitī. The present subjunctive stem estej- is by analogy with ser, sej- (which is from Latin sedēre).
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estive, past participle estado)
- (transitive with em or another locational preposition) to be (indicates location in space)
- Onde estás? ― Where are you?
- Estou em casa. ― I am at home.
- (copulative) to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change)
- O tempo estava frio. ― The weather was cold (at that moment).
- Estás louco? ― Are you crazy (right now)?
- A maçã está madura. ― The apple is ripe.
- (auxiliary with a and a verb in the infinitive (Portugal) or with the gerund (Brazil)) to be (forms the progressive aspect)
- Ela está cantando? / Ela está a cantar? ― Is she singing?
- Estavam trabalhando muito. ― They were working a lot.
- Estávamos a ler muito. ― We had been reading a lot.
- Estaremos a ler livros. ― We will be reading books.
- (transitive) to cost (to be worth a certain amount of money), especially of something whose price changes often
- Synonym: custar
- O quilo de maçã está a dois euros.
- A kilogram of apples costs two euros.
- to look (to give an appearance of being)
- Você está bonita.
- You look pretty.
- to stand
- Aqui estou.
- Here I stand.
Usage notesEdit
- See ser.
ConjugationEdit
QuotationsEdit
For quotations using this term, see Citations:estar.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
SpanishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- tar (Latin America, nonstandard)
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Old Spanish estar, inherited from Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (compare English stand). The preterite's origin is unclear, most likely generalized from the preterite of haber (“to have”), hub- (note that b and v are pronounced identically; compare the same development in andar and tener). Cognate with English state.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
estar (first-person singular present estoy, first-person singular preterite estuve, past participle estado)
- (intransitive) to be (have a temporary or permanent location in space).
- ¿Dónde estás?
- Where are you?
- Estoy en casa.
- I am at home.
- (intransitive) to be (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion).
- El tiempo estaba frío/caliente.
- The weather was cold/hot [back then].
- ¿Estás feliz?
- Are you happy [right now]?
- to be (auxiliary verb for the progressive/continuous aspect, preceding the gerund of the verb)
- Ella está cantando.
- She is singing.
- (intransitive) to be in a state (in a passive voice sense)
- Los vasos están rotos.
- The vases are broken. (In passive voice with estar, unlike haber, its past participle agrees with number and gender of the subject)
- Llegaron y vieron que el hotel estaba abandonado.
- They arrived and saw the hotel was abandoned.
- (reflexive, followed by adjective) to be, stay (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion)
- Estense callados y quietos.
- Stay quiet and not moving.
- (intransitive, with por) to be to be done, to be (still) undone:
- Esto todavía está por hacer.
- This is still to be done.
- Lo peor está por llegar.
- The worst part is yet to come.
- (intransitive) to be in a long-term state (in specific idioms)
- estar muerto/a ― to be dead
- estar casado/a ― to be married (can also be ser casado)
- estar chico/a ― to be short (coloquially)
Usage notesEdit
ConjugationEdit
infinitive | estar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estando | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estado | estada | |||||
plural | estados | estadas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están | |
imperfect | estaba | estabas | estaba | estábamos | estabais | estaban | |
preterite | estuve | estuviste | estuvo | estuvimos | estuvisteis | estuvieron | |
future | estaré | estarás | estará | estaremos | estaréis | estarán | |
conditional | estaría | estarías | estaría | estaríamos | estaríais | estarían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | esté | estés | esté | estemos | estéis | estén | |
imperfect (ra) |
estuviera | estuvieras | estuviera | estuviéramos | estuvierais | estuvieran | |
imperfect (se) |
estuviese | estuvieses | estuviese | estuviésemos | estuvieseis | estuviesen | |
future1 | estuviere | estuvieres | estuviere | estuviéremos | estuviereis | estuvieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | está | esté | estemos | estad | estén | ||
negative | no estés | no esté | no estemos | no estéis | no estén |
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
infinitive | estarse | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estándose | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estado | estada | |||||
plural | estados | estadas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
personal non-finite | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
infinitive | estarme | estarte | estarse | estarnos | estaros | estarse | |
gerund | estándome | estándote | estándose | estándonos | estándoos | estándose | |
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | me estoy | te estás | se está | nos estamos | os estáis | se están | |
imperfect | me estaba | te estabas | se estaba | nos estábamos | os estabais | se estaban | |
preterite | me estuve | te estuviste | se estuvo | nos estuvimos | os estuvisteis | se estuvieron | |
future | me estaré | te estarás | se estará | nos estaremos | os estaréis | se estarán | |
conditional | me estaría | te estarías | se estaría | nos estaríamos | os estaríais | se estarían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | me esté | te estés | se esté | nos estemos | os estéis | se estén | |
imperfect (ra) |
me estuviera | te estuvieras | se estuviera | nos estuviéramos | os estuvierais | se estuvieran | |
imperfect (se) |
me estuviese | te estuvieses | se estuviese | nos estuviésemos | os estuvieseis | se estuviesen | |
future1 | me estuviere | te estuvieres | se estuviere | nos estuviéremos | os estuviereis | se estuvieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | estate | estese | estémonos | estaos | estense | ||
negative | no te estés | no se esté | no nos estemos | no os estéis | no se estén |
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- → Hiligaynon: istar
See alsoEdit
Further readingEdit
- “estar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014