estar
Aragonese edit
Etymology edit
From Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”), from PIE *steh₂-.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
estar
- to be
Usage notes edit
Contrary to other Iberian languages, Aragonese only makes use of one verb "to be", this means that the verb "ser" is not present.
Conjugation edit
⠀⠀⠀⠀Impersonal forms | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | estar⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ||||||||||||||||||
Gerund | estando⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ||||||||||||||||||
Particles | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀estau m, estada f, estaus m pl, estadas f pl u estato m, estata f estatos, m pl, estatas f pl⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ | ||||||||||||||||||
⠀⠀⠀Personal forms | |||||||||||||||||||
Indicative | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as | |||||||||||||
Present | ⠀⠀⠀⠀soi | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yes | ⠀⠀⠀⠀ye | ⠀⠀⠀⠀semos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀soz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀son | |||||||||||||
Imperfect | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yera | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeras | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yera | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yéranos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeraz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀yeran | |||||||||||||
⠀Simple past⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estié | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiés | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estió | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiemos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estiez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estioron | |||||||||||||
Future | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estaré | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarás | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estará | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estaremos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarán | |||||||||||||
⠀Conditional⠀ | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarba | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarbas | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarba | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estárbanos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarbaz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estarban | |||||||||||||
Subjunctive | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as | |||||||||||||
Present | ⠀⠀⠀⠀siga | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigas | ⠀⠀⠀⠀siga | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigamos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigaz | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sigan | |||||||||||||
Imperfect | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estase | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estases | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estase | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estásenos | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estasez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀estasen | |||||||||||||
Imperative | yo | tú | él/ella | nusatros/as | busatros/as | ellos/as | |||||||||||||
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀sé | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- | ⠀⠀⠀⠀sez | ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀- |
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Latin stāre (“to stand”). Where the velar infix that is characteristic for the second conjugation comes from is unknown.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
estar (first-person singular present estic, first-person singular preterite estiguí, past participle estat)
- (transitive, copulative) to be; to currently be in a state or have a characteristic (Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes a temporary state of being.)
- Estic cansada. ― I am tired.
- (auxiliary) forms the continuous aspect, together with a present participle
- Ja està dormint. ― He is already sleeping.
- (intransitive, +adverbial phrase) to be located (to be in a place)
- La Torre Eiffel està a París. ― The Eiffel Tower is in Paris.
Usage notes edit
- This is one of two verbs that can be translated as to be, the other being ser/ésser. Ser/ésser indicates something that is inherent and not expected to change, whereas estar describes temporary qualities that apply only at a particular time. Ser/ésser relates to estar as essence relates to state, etymologically as well as semantically.
Conjugation edit
infinitive | estar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estant | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estat | estada | |||||
plural | estats | estades | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | estic | estàs | està | estem | esteu | estan | |
imperfect | estava | estaves | estava | estàvem | estàveu | estaven | |
future | estaré | estaràs | estarà | estarem | estareu | estaran | |
preterite | estiguí | estigueres | estigué | estiguérem | estiguéreu | estigueren | |
conditional | estaria | estaries | estaria | estaríem | estaríeu | estarien | |
subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | estigui | estiguis | estigui | estiguem | estigueu | estiguin | |
imperfect | estigués | estiguessis | estigués | estiguéssim | estiguéssiu | estiguessin | |
imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós |
vostès | |
affirmative | — | estigues | estigui | estiguem | estigueu | estiguin | |
negative (no) | — | no estiguis | no estigui | no estiguem | no estigueu | no estiguin |
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “estar” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “estar”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “estar” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “estar” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Franco-Provençal edit
Etymology edit
Derived from Latin stō, stāre (to stand, to be (location)).
Verb edit
estar
- to be (location, state, status)
Conjugation edit
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | estar | estre estâ | |||||
gerund | estent | estent estâ | |||||
auxiliary verb | estre | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estâ | estâye | |||||
plural | estâs | estâyes | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | jo (j') | tu (t') | il/elli | nos | vos | ils | |
present | esto | estes | este | estens | estaz, estâds | estont | |
imperfect | estâvo | estâves | estâve | estâvans | estavaz, estâvâds | estâvant | |
preterite | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
future | esterei | esterés | estera | esterens | estereiz, esteréds | esterant, esteront | |
conditional | esterê | esterês | esterêt | esterans | esteriaz, esterâds | esteriant | |
compound tenses | present perfect | present indicative of estre + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of estre + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite indicative of estre + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future indicative of estre + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of estre + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j') | que te (t') | qu'il/el | que nos | que vos | qu'ils/els | |
present | esto | estes | este | estens | estâds | estont | |
imperfect | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
compound tenses | past | present subjunctive of estre + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of estre + past participle | ||||||
imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — | |
esta | estens | estâds |
Galician edit
Etymology edit
From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estiven, past participle estado)
estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estivem or estive, past participle estado, reintegrationist norm)
- to be
Usage notes edit
Like Portuguese and Spanish, Galician has two different verbs that are usually translated to English as “to be”. The verb ser relates to essence, origin, or physical description. In contrast, the verb estar relates to current state or position.
Conjugation edit
1Less recommended.
See also edit
Further reading edit
- “estar” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.
Ladino edit
Etymology edit
From Latin stāre (“stand”), present active infinitive of stō (“stand”).
Verb edit
estar (Latin spelling)
Old Galician-Portuguese edit
Etymology edit
From Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
estar
- to be
Conjugation edit
infinitive | simple | estar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | — | ||||||
gerund | simple | estando | |||||
compound | — | ||||||
past participle1 | singular | plural | |||||
masculine | estado | — | |||||
feminine | — | — | |||||
present participle | estante | estantes | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative mood | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nos nos outros nos outras |
vos vos outras vos outros |
eles elas | |
simple tenses |
present | estou | estás | está | estamos | estades | estan |
imperfect | estava | estavas | estava | estavamos | estavades | estavan, estavon | |
preterite | *estede, esteve, estive, estivi | *estedeste, esteveste, *estoveste | estede, *estedo, esteve, estevo | *estedemos, estevemos, estovemos | *estedestes, esteveste, *estoveste | estederon, esteveron, estoveron | |
pluperfect | *estedera, estevera, *estovera | *estederas, *esteveras, *estoveras | estedera, estevera, *estovera | *estederamos, esteveramos, *estoveramos | *estederades, esteverades, *estoverades | estederan, *esteveran, estoveran | |
future | estarei | estarás | estará | estaremos | estaredes | estarán | |
conditional | estaria | estarias | estaria | estariamos | *estariades | estarian | |
compound tenses1 |
present perfect | present of haver + past participle1 | |||||
present imperfect | imperfect of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
past anterior | preterite of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
pluperfect | simple pluperfect of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
future perfect | future of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
subjunctive mood | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nos nos outros nos outras |
vos vos outros vos outras |
eles elas | |
simple tenses |
present | esté, *estía, *estea | estês | esté, estía, estea | estemos | estedes | estên |
preterite | *estedesse, estevesse, estovesse | *estedesses, estevesses, *estovesses | estedesse, estevesse, estovesse | *estedéssemos, estevéssemos, estovéssemos | *estedéssedes, estevéssedes, *estovéssedes | estedessen, estevessen, estovessen | |
future | *esteder, estever, *estover | *estederes, esteveres, *estoveres | esteder, estever, estover | *estedermos, estevermos, estovermos | *estederdes, esteverdes, *estoverdes | estederen, esteveren, *estoveren | |
compound tenses1 |
present perfect | present subjunctive of haver + past participle1 | |||||
pluperfect | preterite subjunctive of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
future perfect | future subjunctive of haver + past participle1 | ||||||
imperative mood | – | tu | vossa mercee | nos nos outros nos outras |
vos vos outros vos outras |
– | |
affirmative | — | está | esté, *estía, *estea | estemos | estade | — | |
negative | — | non estês | non esté, non *estía, non *estea | non estemos | non estedes | — | |
personal infinitive | eu | tu | el~ele ela vossa mercee |
nos nos outros nos outras |
vos vos outros vos outras |
eles elas | |
estar | estares | estar | estarmos | estardes | estaren | ||
1 The past participle of the verb estar, which is only attested with the auxiliary verb haver, is scarcely documented since around the 13th century and remained uncommon throughout the 15th century. |
Descendants edit
Old Irish edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
·estar
- third-person singular present subjunctive conjunct of ithid
Mutation edit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
·estar | unchanged | ·n-estar |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Portuguese edit
Alternative forms edit
- tá (Brazil, nonstandard)
- tar (Portugal, nonstandard)
Etymology edit
From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The stems estev- or estiv- found in some inflections likely come from Vulgar Latin *stēvī (perfect in -ēv-, used by some Latin second conjugation verbs), hypothetical perfect stem that displaced original Classical Latin perfect stitī. The present subjunctive stem estej- is by analogy with ser, sej- (which is from Latin sedēre).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
estar (first-person singular present estou, first-person singular preterite estive, past participle estado)
- (transitive with em or another locational preposition) to be (indicates location in space)
- Onde estás? ― Where are you?
- Estou em casa. ― I am at home.
- (copulative) to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change)
- O tempo estava frio. ― The weather was cold (at that moment).
- Estás louco? ― Are you crazy (right now)?
- A maçã está madura. ― The apple is ripe.
- (auxiliary with a and a verb in the infinitive (Portugal) or with the gerund (Brazil)) to be (forms the progressive aspect)
- Ela está cantando? / Ela está a cantar? ― Is she singing?
- Estavam trabalhando muito. ― They were working a lot.
- Estávamos a ler muito. ― We had been reading a lot.
- Estaremos a ler livros. ― We will be reading books.
- (transitive) to cost (to be worth a certain amount of money), especially of something whose price changes often
- Synonym: custar
- O quilo de maçã está a dois euros.
- A kilogram of apples costs two euros.
- to look (to give an appearance of being)
- Você está bonita.
- You look pretty.
- to stand
- Aqui estou.
- Here I stand.
Usage notes edit
- See ser.
Conjugation edit
Quotations edit
For quotations using this term, see Citations:estar.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
See also edit
Spanish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Spanish estar, inherited from Latin stāre (“stand”), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (compare English stand). The preterite's origin is unclear, most likely generalized from the preterite of haber (“to have”), hub- (note that b and v are pronounced identically; compare the same development in andar and tener). Cognate with English state.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
estar (first-person singular present estoy, first-person singular preterite estuve, past participle estado)
- (intransitive) to be (have a temporary or permanent location in space)
- ¿Dónde estás?
- Where are you?
- Estoy en casa.
- I am at home.
- (intransitive) to be (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion)
- El tiempo estaba frío/caliente.
- The weather was cold/hot [back then].
- ¿Estás feliz?
- Are you happy [right now]?
- to be (auxiliary verb for the progressive/continuous aspect, preceding the gerund of the verb)
- Ella está cantando.
- She is singing.
- (intransitive) to be in a state (in a passive voice sense)
- Los vasos están rotos.
- The vases are broken. (In passive voice with estar, unlike haber, its past participle agrees with number and gender of the subject)
- Llegaron y vieron que el hotel estaba abandonado.
- They arrived and saw the hotel was abandoned.
- (reflexive, followed by adjective) to be, stay (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion)
- Estense callados y quietos.
- Stay quiet and not moving.
- (intransitive, with por) to be to be done, to be (still) undone:
- Esto todavía está por hacer.
- This is still to be done.
- Lo peor está por llegar.
- The worst part is yet to come.
- (intransitive) to be in a long-term state (in specific idioms)
- estar muerto/a ― to be dead
- estar casado/a ― to be married (can also be ser casado)
- estar chico/a ― to be short (colloquially)
Usage notes edit
Conjugation edit
Despite having a vowel in the root, estar's conjugation matches dar in the present indicative and present subjunctive tenses, with none of the forms in those tenses being stressed on the root.
infinitive | estar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estando | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estado | estada | |||||
plural | estados | estadas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | estoy | estás | está | estamos | estáis | están | |
imperfect | estaba | estabas | estaba | estábamos | estabais | estaban | |
preterite | estuve | estuviste | estuvo | estuvimos | estuvisteis | estuvieron | |
future | estaré | estarás | estará | estaremos | estaréis | estarán | |
conditional | estaría | estarías | estaría | estaríamos | estaríais | estarían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | esté | estés | esté | estemos | estéis | estén | |
imperfect (ra) |
estuviera | estuvieras | estuviera | estuviéramos | estuvierais | estuvieran | |
imperfect (se) |
estuviese | estuvieses | estuviese | estuviésemos | estuvieseis | estuviesen | |
future1 | estuviere | estuvieres | estuviere | estuviéremos | estuviereis | estuvieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | está | esté | estemos | estad | estén | ||
negative | no estés | no esté | no estemos | no estéis | no estén |
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
infinitive | estarse | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estándose | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | estado | estada | |||||
plural | estados | estadas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
personal non-finite | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
infinitive | estarme | estarte | estarse | estarnos | estaros | estarse | |
gerund | estándome | estándote | estándose | estándonos | estándoos | estándose | |
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | me estoy | te estás | se está | nos estamos | os estáis | se están | |
imperfect | me estaba | te estabas | se estaba | nos estábamos | os estabais | se estaban | |
preterite | me estuve | te estuviste | se estuvo | nos estuvimos | os estuvisteis | se estuvieron | |
future | me estaré | te estarás | se estará | nos estaremos | os estaréis | se estarán | |
conditional | me estaría | te estarías | se estaría | nos estaríamos | os estaríais | se estarían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | me esté | te estés | se esté | nos estemos | os estéis | se estén | |
imperfect (ra) |
me estuviera | te estuvieras | se estuviera | nos estuviéramos | os estuvierais | se estuvieran | |
imperfect (se) |
me estuviese | te estuvieses | se estuviese | nos estuviésemos | os estuvieseis | se estuviesen | |
future1 | me estuviere | te estuvieres | se estuviere | nos estuviéremos | os estuviereis | se estuvieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | estate | estese | estémonos | estaos | estense | ||
negative | no te estés | no se esté | no nos estemos | no os estéis | no se estén |
1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
- → Hiligaynon: istar
See also edit
Further reading edit
- “estar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014