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dzīt

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LatvianEdit

Etymology 1Edit

The present stem dzen- comes from Proto-Baltic *gen-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to hit, to strike”), whereas the infinitive stem dzī- comes from Proto-Baltic *gin-, from *gʷʰn̥-, the zero grade of *gʷʰen-.

The original sense was “to hit,” still visible in dzīt naglu “to drive a nail (into wood).” It later evolved into “to force,” “to drive” (somewhere). Cognates include Lithuanian giñti (present tense genù), gìnti (“to defend; to prohibit”) (present tense ginù), Old Prussian guntwei, gunnimai (apparently first-person plural form), Proto-Slavic *gъnati, present tense *žěno (Russian гнать (gnatʹ), Belarusian гнаць (hnacʹ), Ukrainian гнати (hnaty), Bulgarian гоня (gónja), Czech hnáti, Polish gnać), Old High German gund- (“fight”), Old Norse gunnr (“war, battle”), Norwegian dialectal gana (“to cut tree branches”), Hittite 𒆪𒂗𒍣 (kuenzi, “he kills”), Sanskrit हन्ति (hanti, “he hits, kills”), Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌‎ (jainti, “to hit, to wound, to kill”), Ancient Greek φόνος (phónos, “mortal blow, murder”) (< *gʷʰon-), θείνω (theínō, “to hit”) (< *gʷʰen-yoh₂), Latin dēfendō (“to defend”) (< *dē-gʷʰen-).[1]

PronunciationEdit

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VerbEdit

dzīt tr., 1st conj., pres. dzenu, dzen, dzen, past dzinu

  1. to lead, to drive (to make (animals, people, etc.) go faster, or in a certain direction)
    dzīt zirgus ātrāk ― to make the horses go faster
    dzīt zirgus aplokā ― to drive, to lead the horses into the paddock
    dzīt ganos ― to take (the animals) to pasture (to graze)
    dzīt govis ārā no labības ― to drive the cows away from the grains
    bet lopi gan jādzen no kūts ārā ― but we have to drive, move the animals out of the barn
    pa ceļu divas sievietes dzina sarkanu govi ― two women were leading the red cow along the road
    daži jātnieki aizaulekšoja dzīt kopā ciemniekus ― some riders galloped to drive the villagers together (= to make them gather together)
  2. (of objects) to push, to pull, so as to make (something) move in a certain direction
    dzīt ratiņus pa ceļu ― to push, to pull a cart on the road
    nosēdies airos, Pičs ar vienmērīgiem un spēcīgiem vēzieniem dzina laivu uz priekšu ― sitting at the oars, Pičs with steady and strong strokes drove, moved the boat forward
    daudzi šīs brigādes vīri dzen tīklus Daugavā jau garu garos gadu desmitus ― many of the men in this team drove (= threw, cast) nets in the Daugava (= fished in the Daugava) for already a good ten years
  3. (of inanimate beings) to move, to drive, to propel (to make a vehicle move)
    motors ar lielu prieku dzen laivu ar zvejniekiem pertī jaunam lomam ― the motor with great joy moved, propelled the boat with the firshermen to(ward) a new catch
    rudens vējš dzen lapu virpuļus ― the autumn wind moved, drove the leaf in a whirl
    nelaba jausma dzina Osi tālāk ― a bad premonition, apprehension drove Osis further
  4. (usually together with prom, projām, ārā) to send (something) away; to make (something) disappear
    dzīt laukā no mājām ― to send away from the house
    dzīt prom no galda ― to push away from the table
    ienaidnieks uz mūžu projām dzīts ― the enemy for life (has been) driven away
    nekas, nekas, tas dzen reimatismu ārā ― no, not at all, this drives the rheumatism away
  5. to make (someone) do something; to make someone do something (e.g., work) at full capacity
    dzīt pie darba ― to make (someone) go to work
    dzīt zirgus auļos ― to drive the horses into a gallop
    vagars dzen zemniekus, muižkungs vagaru un lielskungs viņus abus ― the overseer drives the peasants (= makes them work), the estate manager (drives) the overseer, and the landlord both of them
    tas bija steidzīgs pasūtījums; meistars dzina strādniekus un mudināja ― this was an urgent order; the master drove the workers (= made them work), urging them
  6. (colloquial, of vehicles) to drive them at full speed
    dzīt mašīnu, velosipēdu ― to drive a car, a bicycle (as fast as it will go)
  7. to chase (to run after, e.g., an animal, during a hunt, so as to make sure it goes in a certain direction)
    tagad sāk dzīt zaķi pa upes krastiem ― now they began to chase a hare along the river banks
    puisim ar suņiem jāiet apkārt uz viņu pusi un jāsāk dzīt ― the young man with the dogs has to go around to his side and begin to chase (the game)
  8. to chase (to follow, to try to find, especially in a hunt)
    dzīt pēdas ― to follow (lit. chase) a trail
    jau vairākus mēnešus drošības dienests dzina pēdas nelegālai organizācijai ― already for many months the security service has been following (lit. chasing) the trail to the illegal organization
  9. to drive (to force something into something else, usually with physical strength)
    dzīt naglu sienā ― to drive a nail into the wall
    dzīt mietu zemē ― to drive, to stick a pole into the ground
    pirksti steigšus dzen patronu stobrā ― (his) fingers hastily drove, stuck the cartridge into the barrel
  10. to drive, to clear (to make (a path, a furrow) in a certain direction, usually via hard work)
    Albīns dzina pēdējo stigu gar meža malu ― Albīns cleared (lit. drove) the last firebreak along the edge of the forest
    izaugs dēls; un jaunas vagas dzīs ― the son will grow up, and he will drive (= clear, open) new furrows
  11. to drive (to cause, to be the cause of something unpleasant happening to someone)
    dzīt postā, izmisumā ― to drive (someone) to misery, to despair
    dzīt nāvē ― to send, drive (someone) to death
    bet šis uzņēmums bija tas, kas Nagainim sagādāja daudz raižu un dzina aizvien dziļāk parādos ― but it was this company that caused great trouble to Nagainis, and drove (him) deeper and deeper into debt
  12. (usually 3rd person, of plants) to grow new growth, shoots, sprouts (to produce as part of their bodies)
    dzīt asnus, atvases ― to grow sprouts, shoots
    līdzko augsne atkususi, sparģeļi dzen asnus ― as soon as the soil thaws, the asparagus grows sprouts
    pēc noziedēšanas un augļu nogatavošanās agave iet bojā, bet saknenis dzen jaunas lapu rozetes ― after flowering and bearing fruit, the agave dies, but its rootstock grows new leaf rosettes
  13. (colloquial) to gather, to put together (by pushing, carrying, etc.)
    dzīt malku mājās ― to gather firewood at home
    dzīt mantu, naudu ― to gather riches, money
    saimnieks dzina iepriekšējās dienas pļāvumu vālos ― the farmer drove (= gathered) the result of the previous' days mowing into piles
ConjugationEdit
conjugation of dzīt
INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) IMPERATIVE
(pavēles izteiksme)
Present
(tagadne) 		Past
(pagātne) 		Future
(nākotne)
1st pers. sg. es dzenu dzinu dzīšu —
2nd pers. sg. tu dzen dzini dzīsi dzen
3rd pers. sg. viņš, viņa dzen dzina dzīs lai dzen
1st pers. pl. mēs dzenam dzinām dzīsim dzīsim
2nd pers. pl. jūs dzenat dzināt dzīsiet,
dzīsit 		dzeniet
3rd pers. pl. viņi, viņas dzen dzina dzīs lai dzen
RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) PARTICIPLES (divdabji)
Present dzenot Present Active 1 (Adj.) dzenošs
Past esot dzinis Present Active 2 (Adv.) dzīdams
Future dzīšot Present Active 3 (Adv.) dzenot
Imperative lai dzenot Present Active 4 (Obj.) dzenam
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) Past Active dzinis
Present dzītu Present Passive dzenams
Past būtu dzinis Past Passive dzīts
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) NOMINAL FORMS
Indicative (būt) jādzen Infinitive (nenoteiksme) dzīt
Conjunctive 1 esot jādzen Negative Infinitive nedzīt
Conjunctive 2 jādzenot Verbal noun dzīšana
Derived termsEdit
prefixed verbs:
other derived terms:

Etymology 2Edit

From Etymology 1, a calque of Livonian ajjõ (“chase away”). Endzelīns has been critical of many suggested Livonian calques in Latvian, however, the semantic split of the verb dzīt "to chase away" doubling to mean "to shave" is convincing according to him. Compare Livonian abbiņi ajjõ (“to shave beard”), Estonian habet ajama.[2]

PronunciationEdit

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VerbEdit

dzīt tr., 1st conj., pres. dzenu, dzen, dzen, past dzinu

  1. to shave
    dzīt bārdu, matus ― to shave (one's) beard, hair
Usage notesEdit

Dzīt is the preferred term in the sense of "shaving with some electrical appliance", while "shaving with a razor" is usually expressed as skūt.

ConjugationEdit
conjugation of dzīt
INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) IMPERATIVE
(pavēles izteiksme)
Present
(tagadne) 		Past
(pagātne) 		Future
(nākotne)
1st pers. sg. es dzenu dzinu dzīšu —
2nd pers. sg. tu dzen dzini dzīsi dzen
3rd pers. sg. viņš, viņa dzen dzina dzīs lai dzen
1st pers. pl. mēs dzenam dzinām dzīsim dzīsim
2nd pers. pl. jūs dzenat dzināt dzīsiet,
dzīsit 		dzeniet
3rd pers. pl. viņi, viņas dzen dzina dzīs lai dzen
RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) PARTICIPLES (divdabji)
Present dzenot Present Active 1 (Adj.) dzenošs
Past esot dzinis Present Active 2 (Adv.) dzīdams
Future dzīšot Present Active 3 (Adv.) dzenot
Imperative lai dzenot Present Active 4 (Obj.) dzenam
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) Past Active dzinis
Present dzītu Present Passive dzenams
Past būtu dzinis Past Passive dzīts
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) NOMINAL FORMS
Indicative (būt) jādzen Infinitive (nenoteiksme) dzīt
Conjunctive 1 esot jādzen Negative Infinitive nedzīt
Conjunctive 2 jādzenot Verbal noun dzīšana
SynonymsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

From Proto-Baltic *gī-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷi-, *gʷey- (< *gʷeyh₃- “to live”). The original meaning was thus “to live,” from which “to become healthy.” At first there was an opposition between dzīt “to heal, become healthy” (present tense dzīstu) and dzīt “to live” (present tense dzīvu), but the latter form was later replaced by dzīvot, possibly originally its iterative form. Cognates include Lithuanian gýti (“to heal, to become healthy, (archaic) to live”), Proto-Slavic *žiti (“to live”) (Russian жить (žitʹ), Belarusian жыць (žycʹ), Ukrainian жити (žýty), живити (žyvýty, “to revive, to reanimate”), Upper Sorbian žić, Avestan 𐬘𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (jiti, “life”), Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life; food”) (< *gʷi-).[1]

PronunciationEdit

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VerbEdit

dzīt intr., 1st conj., only 3rd person, pres. dzīst, past dzija

  1. (of wounds, scars) to heal (to become whole, to disappear with the formation of new tissue)
    vātis dzīst ― the wounds are healing
    ievainojums dzija lēni ― the injury healed slowly
    visas brūces reiz dzīst ― all wounds heal once (= at some point)
  2. (of body parts, organs) to heal (to become healthy again)
    Ošu Andram apdauzītais pirksts gan lāgā negribēja dzīt, bet akmeņu laušana tomēr veicās labi ― Ošu Andrs' injured finger would not heal properly, nevertheless the stone breaking was going well
ConjugationEdit
conjugation of dzīt
INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) IMPERATIVE
(pavēles izteiksme)
Present
(tagadne) 		Past
(pagātne) 		Future
(nākotne)
1st pers. sg. es — — — —
2nd pers. sg. tu — — — —
3rd pers. sg. viņš, viņa dzīst dzija dzīs lai dzīst
1st pers. pl. mēs — — — —
2nd pers. pl. jūs — — — —
3rd pers. pl. viņi, viņas dzīst dzija dzīs lai dzīst
RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) PARTICIPLES (divdabji)
Present dzīstot Present Active 1 (Adj.) dzīstošs
Past esot dzijis Present Active 2 (Adv.) dzīdams
Future dzīšot Present Active 3 (Adv.) dzīstot
Imperative lai dzīstot Present Active 4 (Obj.) dzīstam
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) Past Active dzijis
Present dzītu Present Passive —
Past būtu dzijis Past Passive —
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) NOMINAL FORMS
Indicative (būt) jādzīst Infinitive (nenoteiksme) dzīt
Conjunctive 1 esot jādzīst Negative Infinitive nedzīt
Conjunctive 2 jādzīstot Verbal noun dzīšana
Derived termsEdit
prefixed verbs:

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “dzīt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
  2. ^ Marta Rudzīte, Latviešu un lībiešu valodas savstarpējā ietekme in Kersti Boiko's Lībieši – rakstu krājums, page 294
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