dzīt
LatvianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
The present stem dzen- comes from Proto-Baltic *gen-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to hit, to strike”), whereas the infinitive stem dzī- comes from Proto-Baltic *gin-, from *gʷʰn̥-, the zero grade of *gʷʰen-.
The original sense was “to hit”, still visible in dzīt naglu “to drive a nail (into wood)”. It later evolved into “to force”, “to drive” (somewhere). Cognates include Lithuanian giñti (present tense genù), gìnti (“to defend; to prohibit”) (present tense ginù), Old Prussian guntwei, gunnimai (apparently first-person plural form), Proto-Slavic *gъnati, present tense *žěno (Russian гнать (gnatʹ), Belarusian гнаць (hnacʹ), Ukrainian гнати (hnaty), Bulgarian го́ня (gónja), Czech hnáti, Polish gnać), Old High German gund- (“fight”), Old Norse gunnr (“war, battle”), Norwegian dialectal gana (“to cut tree branches”), Hittite 𒆪𒂗𒍣 (kuenzi, “he kills”), Sanskrit हन्ति (hanti, “he hits, kills”), Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (jainti, “to hit, to wound, to kill”), Ancient Greek φόνος (phónos, “mortal blow, murder”) (< *gʷʰon-), θείνω (theínō, “to hit”) (< *gʷʰen-yoh₂), Latin dē-fendō (“to defend”) (< *gʷʰen-).[1]
PronunciationEdit
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VerbEdit
dzīt tr., 1st conj., pres. dzenu, dzen, dzen, past dzinu
- to lead, to drive (to make (animals, people, etc.) go faster, or in a certain direction)
- dzīt zirgus ātrāk ― to make the horses go faster
- dzīt zirgus aplokā ― to drive, to lead the horses into the paddock
- dzīt ganos ― to take (the animals) to pasture (to graze)
- dzīt govis ārā no labības ― to drive the cows away from the grains
- bet lopi gan jādzen no kūts ārā ― but we have to drive, move the animals out of the barn
- pa ceļu divas sievietes dzina sarkanu govi ― two women were leading the red cow along the road
- daži jātnieki aizaulekšoja dzīt kopā ciemniekus ― some riders galloped to drive the villagers together (= to make them gather together)
- (of objects) to push, to pull, so as to make (something) move in a certain direction
- dzīt ratiņus pa ceļu ― to push, to pull a cart on the road
- nosēdies airos, Pičs ar vienmērīgiem un spēcīgiem vēzieniem dzina laivu uz priekšu ― sitting at the oars, Pičs with steady and strong strokes drove, moved the boat forward
- daudzi šīs brigādes vīri dzen tīklus Daugavā jau garu garos gadu desmitus ― many of the men in this team drove (= threw, cast) nets in the Daugava (= fished in the Daugava) for already a good ten years
- (of inanimate beings) to move, to drive, to propel (to make a vehicle move)
- motors ar lielu prieku dzen laivu ar zvejniekiem pertī jaunam lomam ― the motor with great joy moved, propelled the boat with the firshermen to(ward) a new catch
- rudens vējš dzen lapu virpuļus ― the autumn wind moved, drove the leaf in a whirl
- nelaba jausma dzina Osi tālāk ― a bad premonition, apprehension drove Osis further
- (usually together with prom, projām, ārā) to send (something) away; to make (something) disappear
- dzīt laukā no mājām ― to send away from the house
- dzīt prom no galda ― to push away from the table
- ienaidnieks uz mūžu projām dzīts ― the enemy for life (has been) driven away
- nekas, nekas, tas dzen reimatismu ārā ― no, not at all, this drives the rheumatism away
- to make (someone) do something; to make someone do something (e.g., work) at full capacity
- dzīt pie darba ― to make (someone) go to work
- dzīt zirgus auļos ― to drive the horses into a gallop
- vagars dzen zemniekus, muižkungs vagaru un lielskungs viņus abus ― the overseer drives the peasants (= makes them work), the estate manager (drives) the overseer, and the landlord both of them
- tas bija steidzīgs pasūtījums; meistars dzina strādniekus un mudināja ― this was an urgent order; the master drove the workers (= made them work), urging them
- (colloquial, of vehicles) to drive them at full speed
- dzīt mašīnu, velosipēdu ― to drive a car, a bicycle (as fast as it will go)
- to chase (to run after, e.g., an animal, during a hunt, so as to make sure it goes in a certain direction)
- tagad sāk dzīt zaķi pa upes krastiem ― now they began to chase a hare along the river banks
- puisim ar suņiem jāiet apkārt uz viņu pusi un jāsāk dzīt ― the young man with the dogs has to go around to his side and begin to chase (the game)
- to chase (to follow, to try to find, especially in a hunt)
- dzīt pēdas ― to follow (lit. chase) a trail
- jau vairākus mēnešus drošības dienests dzina pēdas nelegālai organizācijai ― already for many months the security service has been following (lit. chasing) the trail to the illegal organization
- to drive (to force something into something else, usually with physical strength)
- dzīt naglu sienā ― to drive a nail into the wall
- dzīt mietu zemē ― to drive, to stick a pole into the ground
- pirksti steigšus dzen patronu stobrā ― (his) fingers hastily drove, stuck the cartridge into the barrel
- to drive, to clear (to make (a path, a furrow) in a certain direction, usually via hard work)
- Albīns dzina pēdējo stigu gar meža malu ― Albīns cleared (lit. drove) the last firebreak along the edge of the forest
- izaugs dēls; un jaunas vagas dzīs ― the son will grow up, and he will drive (= clear, open) new furrows
- to drive (to cause, to be the cause of something unpleasant happening to someone)
- dzīt postā, izmisumā ― to drive (someone) to misery, to despair
- dzīt nāvē ― to send, drive (someone) to death
- bet šis uzņēmums bija tas, kas Nagainim sagādāja daudz raižu un dzina aizvien dziļāk parādos ― but it was this company that caused great trouble to Nagainis, and drove (him) deeper and deeper into debt
- (usually 3rd person, of plants) to grow new growth, shoots, sprouts (to produce as part of their bodies)
- dzīt asnus, atvases ― to grow sprouts, shoots
- līdzko augsne atkususi, sparģeļi dzen asnus ― as soon as the soil thaws, the asparagus grows sprouts
- pēc noziedēšanas un augļu nogatavošanās agave iet bojā, bet saknenis dzen jaunas lapu rozetes ― after flowering and bearing fruit, the agave dies, but its rootstock grows new leaf rosettes
- (colloquial) to gather, to put together (by pushing, carrying, etc.)
- dzīt malku mājās ― to gather firewood at home
- dzīt mantu, naudu ― to gather riches, money
- saimnieks dzina iepriekšējās dienas pļāvumu vālos ― the farmer drove (= gathered) the result of the previous' days mowing into piles
ConjugationEdit
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | dzenu | dzinu | dzīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | dzen | dzini | dzīsi | dzen |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | dzen | dzina | dzīs | lai dzen |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | dzenam | dzinām | dzīsim | dzīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | dzenat | dzināt | dzīsiet, dzīsit |
dzeniet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | dzen | dzina | dzīs | lai dzen |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | dzenot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | dzenošs | ||
| Past | esot dzinis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | dzīdams | ||
| Future | dzīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | dzenot | ||
| Imperative | lai dzenot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | dzenam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | dzinis | |||
| Present | dzītu | Present Passive | dzenams | ||
| Past | būtu dzinis | Past Passive | dzīts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jādzen | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | dzīt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jādzen | Negative Infinitive | nedzīt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jādzenot | Verbal noun | dzīšana | ||
Derived termsEdit
- prefixed verbs:
- other derived terms:
Etymology 2Edit
From Etymology 1, a calque of Livonian ajjõ (“chase away”). Endzelīns has been critical of many suggested Livonian calques in Latvian, however, the semantic split of the verb dzīt "to chase away" doubling to mean "to shave" is convincing according to him. Compare Livonian abbiņi ajjõ (“to shave beard”), Estonian habet ajama.[2]
PronunciationEdit
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VerbEdit
dzīt tr., 1st conj., pres. dzenu, dzen, dzen, past dzinu
- to shave
- dzīt bārdu, matus ― to shave (one's) beard, hair
Usage notesEdit
Dzīt is the preferred term in the sense of "shaving with some electrical appliance", while "shaving with a razor" is usually expressed as skūt.
ConjugationEdit
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | dzenu | dzinu | dzīšu | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | dzen | dzini | dzīsi | dzen |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | dzen | dzina | dzīs | lai dzen |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | dzenam | dzinām | dzīsim | dzīsim |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | dzenat | dzināt | dzīsiet, dzīsit |
dzeniet |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | dzen | dzina | dzīs | lai dzen |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | dzenot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | dzenošs | ||
| Past | esot dzinis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | dzīdams | ||
| Future | dzīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | dzenot | ||
| Imperative | lai dzenot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | dzenam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | dzinis | |||
| Present | dzītu | Present Passive | dzenams | ||
| Past | būtu dzinis | Past Passive | dzīts | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jādzen | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | dzīt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jādzen | Negative Infinitive | nedzīt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jādzenot | Verbal noun | dzīšana | ||
SynonymsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Proto-Baltic *gī-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷi-, *gʷey- (< *gʷeyh₃- “to live”). The original meaning was thus “to live”, from which “to become healthy”. At first there was an opposition between dzīt “to heal, become healthy” (present tense dzīstu) and dzīt “to live” (present tense dzīvu), but the latter form was later replaced by dzīvot, possibly originally its iterative form. Cognates include Lithuanian gýti (“to heal, to become healthy, (archaic) to live”), Proto-Slavic *žiti (“to live”) (Russian жить (žitʹ), Belarusian жыць (žycʹ), Ukrainian жи́ти (žýty), живи́ти (žyvýty, “to revive, to reanimate”), Upper Sorbian žić, Avestan 𐬘𐬌𐬙𐬌 (jiti, “life”), Ancient Greek βίος (bíos, “life; food”) (< *gʷiH-).[1]
PronunciationEdit
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VerbEdit
dzīt intr., 1st conj., only 3rd person, pres. dzīst, past dzija
- (of wounds, scars) to heal (to become whole, to disappear with the formation of new tissue)
- vātis dzīst ― the wounds are healing
- ievainojums dzija lēni ― the injury healed slowly
- visas brūces reiz dzīst ― all wounds heal once (= at some point)
- (of body parts, organs) to heal (to become healthy again)
- Ošu Andram apdauzītais pirksts gan lāgā negribēja dzīt, bet akmeņu laušana tomēr veicās labi ― Ošu Andrs' injured finger would not heal properly, nevertheless the stone breaking was going well
ConjugationEdit
| INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) | IMPERATIVE (pavēles izteiksme) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (tagadne) |
Past (pagātne) |
Future (nākotne) | |||
| 1st pers. sg. | es | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd pers. sg. | tu | — | — | — | — |
| 3rd pers. sg. | viņš, viņa | dzīst | dzija | dzīs | lai dzīst |
| 1st pers. pl. | mēs | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd pers. pl. | jūs | — | — | — | — |
| 3rd pers. pl. | viņi, viņas | dzīst | dzija | dzīs | lai dzīst |
| RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) | PARTICIPLES (divdabji) | ||||
| Present | dzīstot | Present Active 1 (Adj.) | dzīstošs | ||
| Past | esot dzijis | Present Active 2 (Adv.) | dzīdams | ||
| Future | dzīšot | Present Active 3 (Adv.) | dzīstot | ||
| Imperative | lai dzīstot | Present Active 4 (Obj.) | dzīstam | ||
| CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) | Past Active | dzijis | |||
| Present | dzītu | Present Passive | — | ||
| Past | būtu dzijis | Past Passive | — | ||
| DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) | NOMINAL FORMS | ||||
| Indicative | (būt) jādzīst | Infinitive (nenoteiksme) | dzīt | ||
| Conjunctive 1 | esot jādzīst | Negative Infinitive | nedzīt | ||
| Conjunctive 2 | jādzīstot | Verbal noun | dzīšana | ||
Derived termsEdit
- prefixed verbs:
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) , “dzīt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
- ^ Marta Rudzīte, Latviešu un lībiešu valodas savstarpējā ietekme in Kersti Boiko's Lībieši – rakstu krājums, page 294