passer
EnglishEdit
EtymologyEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈpɑːsə(ɹ)/
Audio (RP) (file) - (US) IPA(key): /ˈpæsəɹ/
- Rhymes: -æsə(ɹ)
NounEdit
passer (plural passers)
- One who succeeds in passing a test, etc.
- 2008, David L. Streiner, Geoffrey R. Norman, Health Measurement Scales
- The distributions of scores on the exam for passers and failers are plotted […]
- 2008, David L. Streiner, Geoffrey R. Norman, Health Measurement Scales
- (sports) Someone who passes, someone who makes a pass.
- (American football) A football player who makes a forward pass, who may be (but not limited to) the quarterback.
- (chess) A passed pawn.
- (archaic) One who passes; a passer-by.
- 1904, National Magazine (volume 20, page 147)
- Passers stopped and began to stare. A policeman was approaching up the street. Dave dodged back into the cab and banged the door.
- 1904, National Magazine (volume 20, page 147)
- (sociology) One who is able to "pass", or be accepted as a member of a race, sex or other group to which society would not otherwise regard them as belonging.
- 2003, Brooke Kroeger, Passing: When People Can't Be Who They Are:
- Explores the history, literature, and sociology of passing, and provides case studies of six individuals who are "passers," including a black man who passed as a white Jew and a lesbian naval officer who passed as straight.
- 2014, Risa Bear, Homecomings, page 69:
- Passers and would-be passers make every effort to be convincing in their chosen gender role […]
TranslationsEdit
See alsoEdit
AnagramsEdit
- Aspers, Spears, Speras, aspers, parses, prases, presas, repass, sarpes, spares, sparse, spaser, spears
DanishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
passer c (singular definite passeren, plural indefinite passere)
InflectionEdit
See alsoEdit
- passer on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia da
Etymology 2Edit
See passere (“to pass”).
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
passer or passér
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From passen (“to measure a size”) + -er.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
passer m (plural passers, diminutive passertje n)
- compass (device used with a pencil to draw an arc or circle on paper)
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle French passer, from Old French passer, from Vulgar Latin *passō, *passāre, from Latin passus, past participle of pandō (“I stretch, I spread out”). Compare Italian passare, Spanish pasar, Portuguese passar.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
passer
- to go past
- to cross (a border)
- (law) to pass
- passer une loi ― to pass a law
- to spend (time)
- J'ai passé les vacances en Espagne.
- I spent the holidays in Spain.
- J'ai passé une splendide soirée chez toi.
- I had a great evening at your place.
- to publish (a newspaper)
- (transitive) to take, to sit (an exam or test)
- J'ai réussi l'examen que j'avais passé en avril.
- I passed the exam that I took in April.
- (intransitive) to pass (an exam or test)
- Il est passé à l'examen.
- He passed the exam.
- (dated) (transitive) to pass (an exam or test)
- Il a passé l'examen.
- He passed the exam.
- (public transportation) to run
- Le train passe toutes les vingt minutes.
- The train runs every 20 minutes.
- to exceed (a limit)
- to percolate
- to hand down, to pass on
- to be allowed
- (intransitive) to pass, to go (between two entities)
- 1908, Gaston Leroux, chapter 1, in Le Mystère de la chambre jaune [The Mystery of the Yellow Room][1], 2009 edition:
- L’assassin n’avait donc pas passé par là et ne pouvait se sauver par là […]
- The murderer, therefore, could not have entered that way and could not possibly escape that way.
- (transitive) to show (a movie)
- to go up (a grade)
- to shift (change gear)
- to stop by, to pop in
- Je vais y passer demain pour mes affaires.
- I'm going to stop by there tomorrow for my things.
- to pass away, to die
- (music) to spin (e.g. a disk)
- (television) to show (be on television)
- (sports) to pass (kick, throw, hit etc. the ball to another player)
- (athletics) to pass (the relay baton)
- to pass on (infect someone else with a disease)
- (transitive) to put, to place, to slip (move a part of one's body somewhere else)
- 1908, Gaston Leroux, Le Mystère de la chambre jaune, 2009 edition, Wikisource, chapter 1:
- [...] et, par-dessus les volets, les barreaux intacts, des barreaux à travers lesquels vous n’auriez pas passé le bras…
- 1908, anonymous, Margaret Jull Costa (editor), The Mystery of the Yellow Room, 2003 edition (Dedalus, →ISBN:
- [...] and, as well as those shutters, there were iron bars so close together that you could not even have got your arm through them.
- 1908, anonymous, Margaret Jull Costa (editor), The Mystery of the Yellow Room, 2003 edition (Dedalus, →ISBN:
- [...] et, par-dessus les volets, les barreaux intacts, des barreaux à travers lesquels vous n’auriez pas passé le bras…
- 1908, Gaston Leroux, Le Mystère de la chambre jaune, 2009 edition, Wikisource, chapter 1:
- to wipe, rub
- Elle passe de la crème sur son ventre.
- She's rubbing cream on her belly.
- to skip a go
- to put (make something undergo something)
- (card games) to pass (not play upon one's turn)
- (reflexive) to take place, to happen, to come to pass.
- (reflexive, for time) to go by
- (reflexive, with de) to do without
- Je ne peux pas me passer du café le matin.
- I can't do without a cup of coffee in the morning.
- to don
- Il passa son pantalon.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Usage notesEdit
- This verb uses the auxiliary verb avoir when used transitively (or with a transitive sense, even when the complement is omitted); otherwise (when it is intransitive), it uses être.
ConjugationEdit
infinitive | simple | passer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir or être + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | passant /pa.sɑ̃/ or /pɑ.sɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant or étant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | passé /pa.se/ or /pɑ.se/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | passe /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
passes /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
passe /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
passons /pa.sɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sɔ̃/ |
passez /pa.se/ or /pɑ.se/ |
passent /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
imperfect | passais /pa.sɛ/ or /pɑ.sɛ/ |
passais /pa.sɛ/ or /pɑ.sɛ/ |
passait /pa.sɛ/ or /pɑ.sɛ/ |
passions /pa.sjɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sjɔ̃/ |
passiez /pa.sje/ or /pɑ.sje/ |
passaient /pa.sɛ/ or /pɑ.sɛ/ | |
past historic2 | passai /pa.se/ or /pɑ.se/ |
passas /pa.sa/ or /pɑ.sa/ |
passa /pa.sa/ or /pɑ.sa/ |
passâmes /pa.sam/ or /pɑ.sam/ |
passâtes /pa.sat/ or /pɑ.sat/ |
passèrent /pa.sɛʁ/ or /pɑ.sɛʁ/ | |
future | passerai /pa.sʁe/ or /pɑ.sʁe/ |
passeras /pa.sʁa/ or /pɑ.sʁa/ |
passera /pa.sʁa/ or /pɑ.sʁa/ |
passerons /pa.sʁɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sʁɔ̃/ |
passerez /pa.sʁe/ or /pɑ.sʁe/ |
passeront /pa.sʁɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | passerais /pa.sʁɛ/ or /pɑ.sʁɛ/ |
passerais /pa.sʁɛ/ or /pɑ.sʁɛ/ |
passerait /pa.sʁɛ/ or /pɑ.sʁɛ/ |
passerions /pa.sə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
passeriez /pa.sə.ʁje/ or /pɑ.sə.ʁje/ |
passeraient /pa.sʁɛ/ or /pɑ.sʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir or être + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir or être + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir or être + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir or être + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir or être + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | passe /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
passes /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
passe /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
passions /pa.sjɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sjɔ̃/ |
passiez /pa.sje/ or /pɑ.sje/ |
passent /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
imperfect2 | passasse /pa.sas/ or /pɑ.sas/ |
passasses /pa.sas/ or /pɑ.sas/ |
passât /pa.sa/ or /pɑ.sa/ |
passassions /pa.sa.sjɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sa.sjɔ̃/ |
passassiez /pa.sa.sje/ or /pɑ.sa.sje/ |
passassent /pa.sas/ or /pɑ.sas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir or être + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir or être + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | passe /pas/ or /pɑs/ |
— | passons /pa.sɔ̃/ or /pɑ.sɔ̃/ |
passez /pa.se/ or /pɑ.se/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir or être + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir or être + past participle | simple imperative of avoir or être + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is only usable with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
SynonymsEdit
- (reflexive, to happen): se produire, arriver
Derived termsEdit
- dépasser
- il faut que jeunesse se passe
- passage
- passation
- passement
- passer à la vitesse supérieure
- passer comme une lettre à la poste
- passer crème
- passer de la pommade
- passer fleur
- passer la rampe
- passer l'arme à gauche
- passer le poteau
- passer les bornes
- passer maître
- passer par les armes
- passer pour
- passer son chemin
- passer un savon
- repasser
- se passer de
DescendantsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “passer” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
AnagramsEdit
LadinEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Vulgar Latin *passō, *passāre, from Latin passus.
VerbEdit
passer
- to proceed
ConjugationEdit
- Ladin conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
infinitive | passer, passé | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
auxiliary verb | avei | gerund | passan | |||
past participle | passé | |||||
person | singular | plural | ||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
indicative | ie | tu | el / ela | nos | vos | ei / eles |
present | passe, passeie | passes, passeies | passa, passeia, passea | passon | passeis | passa, passeia |
imperfect | passove | passoves | passova | passovan | passovais | passova |
future | passaré | passaras | passarà | passaron | passareis | passarà |
subjunctive | che ie | che tu | che el / ela | che nos | che vos | che ei / eles |
present | passe, passeie | passes, passeies | passe, passeie | passon | passeis | passe |
imperfect | passasse | passasses | passassa | passassan | passassais | passassa |
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – |
— | passa, passeia | — | passon | passede | — |
LatinEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Italic *passros, from Proto-Indo-European *p(e)t-tro-s (“who flies, bird”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Related to penna.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
passer m (genitive passeris); third declension
- sparrow
- turbot
- 43 BCE – c. 17 CE, Ovid, Halieutica 118–126:
- At contrā herbōsā piscēs luxantur harēnā
ut scarus, ēpastās sōlus quī rūminat ēscās,
fēcundumque genus mēnae lamyrusque smarisque
atque immunda chromis, meritō vīlissima salpa
atque avium phȳcis nīdōs imitāta sub undīs
et squāmās tenuī suffūsus sanguine mullus,
fulgentēs soleae candōre et concolor illīs
passer et Hadriacō mīrandus lītore rhombus,
tum leporēs lātī, tum mollēs tergore rānae […]- On the other hand, fish that revel in the grassy sand
such as the scar, the only one that chews over eaten up food,
the prolific kind of the maena, lamyrus and smaris
and the unclean chronic, the deservedly worthless salpa
and the phycis that imitates the nests of birds under the waves
and the mullet whose scales are suffused with tenous blood,
and the sole flashing with whiteness and the turbot
of the same colour, and the amazing flatfish on the Adriatic Shore,
then the broad sea-hares, then the soft-bodied sea-frog […]
- On the other hand, fish that revel in the grassy sand
- At contrā herbōsā piscēs luxantur harēnā
DeclensionEdit
Third-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | passer | passerēs |
Genitive | passeris | passerum |
Dative | passerī | passeribus |
Accusative | passerem | passerēs |
Ablative | passere | passeribus |
Vocative | passer | passerēs |
Related termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- passer in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- passer in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- passer in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français, Hachette
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 449
Middle FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old French passer.
VerbEdit
passer
- to pass; to go by
- 15th century, Rustichello da Pisa (original author), Mazarine Master (scribe), The Travels of Marco Polo, page 3, line 2:
- Cy aprés parle comment les deux freres passerent le desert
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
ConjugationEdit
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
infinitive | simple | passer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | passant | |||||
compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past participle | passé | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | passe | passes | passe | passons | passez | passent |
imperfect | passois, passoys | passois, passoys | passoit, passoyt | passions, passyons | passiez, passyez | passoient, passoyent | |
past historic | passa | passas | passa | passasmes | passastes | passerent | |
future | passerai, passeray | passeras | passera | passerons | passerez | passeront | |
conditional | passerois, passeroys | passerois, passeroys | passeroit, passeroyt | passerions, passeryons | passeriez, passeryez | passeroient, passeroyent | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | passe | passes | passe | passons | passez | passent |
imperfect | passasse | passasses | passast | passassions | passassiez | passassent | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | passe | — | passons | passez | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). |
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- passer on Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500) (in French)
Norwegian BokmålEdit
VerbEdit
passer
- imperative of passere
- present of passe
Old FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Vulgar Latin *passō, *passāre, from Latin passus (“a step, pace, footstep, track”).
VerbEdit
passer
- to pass; to pass by
ConjugationEdit
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-sss, *-sst are modified to s, s, st. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | passer | avoir passé | |||||
gerund | en passant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
present participle | passant | ||||||
past participle | passé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | pas | passes | passe | passons | passez | passent |
imperfect | passoie, passeie, passoe, passeve | passoies, passeies, passoes, passeves | passoit, passeit, passot, passeve | passiiens, passiens | passiiez, passiez | passoient, passeient, passoent, passevent | |
preterite | passai | passas | passa | passames | passastes | passerent | |
future | passerai | passeras | passera | passerons | passeroiz, passereiz, passerez | passeront | |
conditional | passeroie, passereie | passeroies, passereies | passeroit, passereit | passeriiens, passeriens | passeriiez, passeriez | passeroient, passereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | pas | pas | past | passons | passez | passent |
imperfect | passasse | passasses | passast | passissons, passissiens | passissoiz, passissez, passissiez | passassent | |
compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | passe | — | passons | passez | — |
DescendantsEdit
- Middle French: passer
- Norman: pâsser, pâssaïr
- → Middle Dutch: passen
- Dutch: passen
- → Middle English: passen
- → Middle High German: passen
- German: passen
Further readingEdit
- pass in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.