庸

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

庸 (radical 53, 广+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 戈中月 (ILB), four-corner 0022₇)

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 347, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9378
Dae Jaweon: page 658, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 890, character 5
Unihan data for U+5EB8

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		庸
alternative forms		𠆌

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (用) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
通	*l̥ʰoːŋ
俑	l̥ʰoːŋ, loŋʔ
蓪	*l̥ʰoːŋ
桶	l̥ʰoːŋʔ, l'oːŋʔ
捅	*l̥ʰoːŋʔ
痛	*l̥ʰoːŋs
筩	*l'oːŋ
誦	*ljoŋs
傭	l̥ʰoŋ, loŋ
慵	*ɦljoŋ
鱅	ɦljoŋ, loŋ
滽	*loŋ
墉	*loŋ
鏞	*loŋ
鄘	*loŋ
槦	*loŋ
銿	*loŋ
甬	*loŋʔ
勇	*loŋʔ
涌	*loŋʔ
踊	*loŋʔ
蛹	*loŋʔ
恿	*loŋʔ
慂	*loŋʔ
悀	*loŋʔ
埇	*loŋʔ
踴	*loŋʔ
庸	*loŋ
用	*loŋs
佣	*loŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *loŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意): abbreviated semantic 庚 + phonetic 用 (OC *loŋs).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōng, yóng (yong¹, yong²)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): jung⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): yuung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yûng
Min Dong (BUC): ṳ̀ng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): iông / iûⁿ / sông

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Pinyin: yōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
  - Wade–Giles: yung¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yong
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
  - Pinyin: yóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˊ
  - Wade–Giles: yung²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yong
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yóng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jung⁴
  - Yale: yùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: yuung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʒɵŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
  - Hakka Romanization System: iung´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iông
  - Tâi-lô: iông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ioong
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ²³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Xiamen): /iɔŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iûⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: iûnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: viuu
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iũ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iũ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sông
  - Tâi-lô: sông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soong
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /sɔŋ²⁴/

Note:

iông - literary;
sông - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: iong⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /jɨoŋ/

Rime
Character	庸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	餘封切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/jioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juawŋ/
Li Rong	/ioŋ/
Wang Li	/jĭwoŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*loŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*loŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	庸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōng
Middle Chinese	‹ yowng ›
Old Chinese	/*loŋ/
English	use; advantage
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	庸
Reading #	1/1
No.	15459
Phonetic component	用
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	容
Old Chinese	/*loŋ/

DefinitionsEdit

庸

to use; to employ
to need
毋庸置疑 ― wúyōngzhìyí ― to not need to question
contribution; merit
ordinary; common; (by extension) mediocre; inferior
(literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions)
Synonym: 豈／岂 (qǐ)
- 子儀在位，十四年矣；而謀召君者，庸非貳乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子仪在位，十四年矣；而谋召君者，庸非贰乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, circa 4^th century BCE
  Zǐyí zàiwèi, shísì nián yǐ; ér móu zhào jūn zhě, yōng fēi èr hū? [Pinyin]
  Ziyi held the earldom for fourteen years; those who took measures to call in your lordship, how did they not show a divided allegiance?
A surname.