柯

Translingual edit

Han character edit

柯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木一弓口 (DMNR), four-corner 4192₀, composition ⿰木可)

Derived characters edit

𫈥, 樖

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 520, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14658
Dae Jaweon: page 908, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 6
Unihan data for U+67EF

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		柯
alternative forms		牁 ancient

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
砢	*ɡ·raːlʔ
柯	*kaːl
菏	kaːl, ɡaːl
牁	*kaːl
滒	*kaːl
哥	*kaːl
歌	*kaːl
謌	*kaːl
鴚	*kaːl
哿	*kaːlʔ
舸	*kaːlʔ
笴	kaːlʔ, kaːnʔ
軻	kʰaːl, kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂	*kʰaːl
可	*kʰaːlʔ
岢	*kʰaːlʔ
坷	kʰaːlʔ, kʰaːls
蚵	kʰaːls, ɡaːl
呵	qʰaːl, qʰaːls
訶	*qʰaːl
抲	*qʰaːl
荷	qʰaːls, ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何	ɡaːl, ɡaːlʔ
河	*ɡaːl
苛	*ɡaːl
魺	*ɡaːl
袔	*ɡaːls
阿	*qaːl
妸	qaːl, qaːlʔ
疴	qaːl, kʰraːls
鈳	*qaːl
娿	qaːl, qaːlʔ
痾	*qaːl
跒	*kʰraːlʔ
閜	*qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːl): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Etymology edit

Same word as 牁 (OC *kaːl, “mooring post for a boat”) and related to 軻 (OC *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls, “a pair of wheels upon an axle tree”); perhaps related to 幹 (OC *kaːns, “stem, support”) but distinct from 竿 (OC *kaːn, “pole”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kē (ke¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄜ
Cantonese (Jyutping): o¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khô
Min Dong (BUC): kŏ̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): koa / kho

(Teochew, Peng'im): gua¹ / ko¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kē
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ke
  - Wade–Giles: kʻo¹
  - Yale: kē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ke
  - Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: o¹
  - Yale: ō
  - Cantonese Pinyin: o¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: o¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔː⁵⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khô
  - Hakka Romanization System: ko´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ko¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰo²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kŏ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰo⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa / kho
  - Tâi-lô: kua / kho
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koaf, qoy
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰo⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kua³³/, /kʰo³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰo⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰo⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰɤ⁴⁴/

Note:

koa - vernacular (surname);
kho - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gua¹ / ko¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kua / kho
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kua³³/, /kʰo³³/

Note:

gua1 - vernacular (surname);
ko1 - literary.

Middle Chinese: ka

Rime
Character	柯
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古俄切
Baxter	ka
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ka/
Li Rong	/kɑ/
Wang Li	/kɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	go¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤar/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	柯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kē
Middle Chinese	‹ ka ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁar/
English	axe-handle
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	柯
Reading #	1/1
No.	7433
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	歌
Old Chinese	/*kaːl/

Definitions edit

柯

(literary) axe handle
(literary) stalk; branch
a surname
柯文哲 ― Kē Wénzhé ― Ko Wen-je, incumbent mayor of Taipei
Short for 柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī, “Kyrgyz (the people, language, etc.)”).
Lithocarpus; stone oak

Descendants edit

→ English: Ke, Ko, Or, Quah, Qua, Kuah, Kua, Kwa
→ Tagalog: Cua (via Hokkien)

Compounds edit

南柯 (nánkē)
南柯一夢／南柯一梦 (nánkēyīmèng)
古柯 (gǔkē)
尼柯西亞／尼柯西亚 (Níkēxīyà)
柯克亞／柯克亚 (Kēkèyà)
柯則／柯则
柯化
柯南 (Kēnán)
柯坪 (Kēpíng)
柯子 (kēzǐ)
柯打
柯欽／柯钦
柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī)
柯駕／柯驾
牂柯

References edit

(Min Nan) “Entry #5090”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

柯

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

Go-on: か (ka)
Kan-on: か (ka)
Kun: え (e, 柯)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

柯 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

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Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

柯: Hán Nôm readings: kha

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Nom Foundation