See also: 个
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Translingual
edit| Stroke order | |||
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| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
edit個 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人田十口 (OWJR), four-corner 26200, composition ⿰亻固)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 107, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 758
- Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 3
- Unihan data for U+500B
Chinese
edit| trad. | 個/箇 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 个 | |
| alternative forms | 个 especially in the possessive usage 的 Hokkien; possessive particle 亓 Hokkien; possessive particle ㄟ Taiwanese Hokkien; possessive particle 兮 Taiwanese Hokkien; possessive particle 个 especially in the possessive usage 的 Hokkien; possessive particle 亓 Hokkien; possessive particle ㄟ Taiwanese Hokkien; possessive particle 兮 Taiwanese Hokkien; possessive particle ケ Taiwanese Hokkien; possessive particle 亇 | |
Glyph origin
edit| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːls): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
Etymology
editThe semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
- Southern Min classifier and possessive particle
- Hokkien ê/gê (classifier), ê (possessive particle), Teochew gai5 (classifier), gai7 (possessive particle): from 其 (OC *ɡɯ) (Li, 2002; Douglas, 1873[1]). Cognate with Eastern Min 其 (gì, possessive particle), Northern Min 的 (gâ̤, possessive particle). The modern forms of these cognates all derive from the 陽平／阳平 (yángpíng) tone.
- Wu classifier and possessive particle
- Though the expected pronunciation (in for instance Shanghainese) would be /ku/, this has undergone glottalisation (Dai, 2004). Compare 勒 (“to be in, to be at”), 搭 (“to”). In Shanghainese, this often undergoes further lenition to /ɦəʔ/.
Pronunciation 1
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): go4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ge3
- Northern Min (KCR): gŏ̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): gó̤ / gá
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 8geq; 8gheq; 7eq; 5ku / 7keq; 5kou
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): go4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gè
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gè
- Wade–Giles: ko4
- Yale: gè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geh
- Palladius: гэ (gɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, very common variant for classifiers)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: ge
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄍㄜ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ge̊
- Wade–Giles: ko5
- Yale: ge
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .ge
- Palladius: гэ (gɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /g̊ə/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: go4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: go
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гә (gə, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kə²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: go3
- Yale: go
- Cantonese Pinyin: go3
- Guangdong Romanization: go3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔː³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: goi1
- Sinological IPA (key): /kᵘɔi³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: go4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ke / kai
- Hakka Romanization System: ge / gai
- Hagfa Pinyim: ge4 / gai4
- Sinological IPA: /ke⁵⁵/, /kai̯⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: gaiˇ
- Sinological IPA: /kai¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ge3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kɤ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gŏ̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gó̤ / gá
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔ²¹³/, /kɑ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- gó̤ - literary;
- gá - classifier.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò
- Tâi-lô: kò
- Phofsit Daibuun: koix
- IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /ko⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ko²¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /ko¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ê
- Tâi-lô: ê
- Phofsit Daibuun: ee
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Philippines): /e²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /e¹³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /e²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gê
- Tâi-lô: gê
- Phofsit Daibuun: gee
- IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /ɡe²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Penang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lê
- Tâi-lô: lê
- Phofsit Daibuun: lee
- IPA (Penang): /le²³/
- IPA (Philippines): /le²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
Note:
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: go6 / gai5 / gai7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kŏ / kâi / kāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko³⁵/, /kai⁵⁵/, /kai¹¹/
Note:
- go6 - literary;
- gai5 - classifier, or particle introducing the object of the verb (equivalent to 把);
- gai7 - possessive particle.
- Wu
Note:
- (Shanghainese) 8geq ~ 8gheq ~ 7eq, (Suzhounese) 7keq - classifier or particle;
- (Shanghainese) 5ku, (Suzhounese) 5kou - literary.
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: go4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ko⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: kaH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kaːls/
Definitions
edit個
- single; alone; individual
- height; build; stature
- (dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) one
- The generic classifier for people or for things lacking specific classifiers.
- Classifier for hours and months.
- Alternative classifier, for nouns having specific classifiers. Often colloquial and regional. Usage varies greatly between different topolects.
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Puxian Min, Wenzhounese) Classifier for money: yuan, dollar; buck
- 三個九毫九／三个九毫九 [Cantonese] ― saam1 go3 gau2 hou4 gau2 [Jyutping] ― three dollars and ninety-nine cents
- 八個六／八个六 [Cantonese] ― baat3 go3 luk6 [Jyutping] ― eight dollars and sixty cents
- 三個銀／三个银 [Sixian Hakka] ― sâm ke ngiùn [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― three dollars
- 兩斤五個／两斤五个 [Teochew] ― no6 geng1 ngou6 gai5 [Peng'im] ― two catties for five dollars
- 個銀三粒／个银三粒 [Teochew] ― gai5 ngeng5 san1 liab8 [Peng'im] ― three for a buck
- (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and numbers, showing that the following numbers are approximate, not accurate.
- (Mandarin, Cantonese, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and its object or complement, adding a sense of ease, swiftness and one-offness to the action.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle used after 些 (xiē).
- Particle between a verb and its complement.
- (dialectal Mandarin) Particle used in some time-related words.
- (literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿 (Northern Wu)) this; that
- (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Wu) Possessive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de).
- → 嘅 (ge3) (Cantonese); 格 (kaq), 額／额 (gheq) (Shanghainese) (Mandarin influenced); 噶, 葛 (Suzhounese); 的 (ê) (Hokkien)
- 我個冊／我个册 [Hokkien] ― góa ê chheh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― my book
- 我個書／我个书 [Teochew] ― ua2 gai7 ze1 [Peng'im] ― my book
- 我個小囡／我个小囡 [Shanghainese] ― 6ngu-gheq 5shiau-noe [Wugniu] ― my child
- 客家個精神／客家个精神 [Sixian Hakka] ― hak-kâ ke chîn-sṳ̀n [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― the Hakka spirit
- (dialectal) Sentence-final declarative, affirmative, or prohibitive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de), 了 (le).
- 2011, 胡寶談 [Hu Baotan], 弄堂 [lòngtáng]:
- (often dialectal) Emphatic particle between a pronoun and a noun, usually to highlight some negative quality of the person.
- (Teochew) to be
- 我個潮州來個。 [Teochew, trad.]
- From: Based on 2011, Hui Ling Xu; Stephen Matthews, On the polyfunctionality and grammaticalization of the morpheme kai in the Chaozhou dialect, in Foong Ha Yap; Karen Grunow-Hårsta; Janick Wrona (eds.), Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, page 121
- ua2 gai5 dio5 ziu1 lai5 gai7 [Peng'im]
- I come from Chaozhou. (i.e., It is Chaozhou that I come from.)
我个潮州来个。 [Teochew, simp.]
- (dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the past tense.
- 2010, Qian Nairong, “從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態 [Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang]”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name):
- (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Usage notes
edit- For Hokkien, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the general classifier ê and 的 for the possessive particle ê, reserving 個 for the month classifier kò.
- For Hakka, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the possessive particle.
- In Cantonese, when used for "yuan/dollar", 個 is usually only used when followed by cents.
- Northern Wu languages can mark for tenses, as well as aspects. In Old Shanghainese, this is used to mark the past tense, as opposed to a perfect aspect. In etymological spellings, 箇 (=搿) is reserved for demonstrative pronouns, 个 for the possessive particle, while 個 is only used as classifier (一個 7iq-g(h)eq) or literary readings (個人 5ku-gnin).
Synonyms
edit- (height):
- 個子 / 个子 (gèzi) (chiefly refers to height)
- 個頭 / 个头 (chiefly refers to height)
- 形體 / 形体 (xíngtǐ)
- 漢草 / 汉草 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
- 衣架 (yījià) (figurative)
- 衣架子 (yījiàzi) (figurative)
- 袤 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 身材 (shēncái)
- 身架子 (seng1 jia3 zeh) (Jin)
- 身段 (shēnduàn) (of a woman)
- 身胚 (Hakka)
- 身裝 / 身装 (Hakka)
- 骨塊 / 骨块 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
- 體型 / 体型 (tǐxíng)
- 體形 / 体形 (tǐxíng)
- 體態 / 体态 (tǐtài) (including posture)
- (one):
- (classifier):
Dialectal synonyms of 個 (“(classifier for people)”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 個 (“(classifier for bowls)”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 個 (“(classifier for months)”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 個 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 個 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 個 |
| Hong Kong | 個 | |
| Taishan | 個 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 隻 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 隻 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 隻 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 隻 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 隻 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 個 † |
| Quanzhou | 個 † | |
| Zhangzhou | 個 † | |
| Tainan | 個 † | |
| Jieyang | 個 | |
| Note | † - read kò | |
- (possessive particle):
- (yuan; dollar):
- (this):
Compounds
edit- 一個 / 一个 (yīgè)
- 一個勁兒 / 一个劲儿 (yīgejìnr)
- 一個子兒 / 一个子儿
- 一個樣兒 / 一个样儿
- 七個八個 / 七个八个
- 不是個兒 / 不是个儿
- 些個 / 些个 (xiēge)
- 今兒個 / 今儿个 (jīnrgè)
- 個中 / 个中 (gèzhōng)
- 個事 / 个事
- 個人 / 个人 (gèrén)
- 個位 / 个位 (gèwèi)
- 個個 / 个个 (gègè)
- 個兒 / 个儿 (gèr)
- 個別 / 个别 (gèbié)
- 個子 / 个子 (gèzi)
- 個展 / 个展 (gèzhǎn)
- 個性 / 个性 (gèxìng)
- 個把 / 个把 (gèbǎ)
- 個數 / 个数 (gèshù)
- 個案 / 个案 (gè'àn)
- 個樣 / 个样
- 個裡 / 个里
- 個頭 / 个头
- 個體 / 个体 (gètǐ)
- 做的個 / 做的个
- 傍個影兒 / 傍个影儿
- 兩個聲 / 两个声 (liǎnggèshēng)
- 兩個轆 / 两个辘
- 則個 / 则个
- 前兒個 / 前儿个 (qiánrge)
- 半個 / 半个 (bànge)
- 又弱一個 / 又弱一个
- 各個 / 各个 (gègè)
- 單個兒 / 单个儿
- 噶個點兒 / 噶个点儿
- 四個堅持 / 四个坚持
- 夜兒個 / 夜儿个 (yèrge)
- 大個 / 大个
- 大個兒 / 大个儿
- 大個子 / 大个子
- 好個 / 好个
- 寧個 / 宁个
- 帶個好 / 带个好
- 幫個場子 / 帮个场子
- 幾個 / 几个 (jǐgè)
- 幾兒個 / 几儿个
- 成個兒 / 成个儿 (chénggèr)
- 打一個吞 / 打一个吞
- 打個前失 / 打个前失
- 打個千兒 / 打个千儿
- 打個問號 / 打个问号
- 打個沉兒 / 打个沉儿
- 打個照會 / 打个照会
- 打個照面 / 打个照面
- 打個花 / 打个花
- 挨個兒 / 挨个儿 (āigèr)
- 探個究竟 / 探个究竟
- 撲個滿懷 / 扑个满怀
- 撲個空 / 扑个空
- 整個 / 整个 (zhěnggè)
- 有個好歹 / 有个好歹
- 有個屁用 / 有个屁用
- 有個數兒 / 有个数儿
- 有個說兒 / 有个说儿
- 某個 / 某个 (mǒugè)
- 比個高下 / 比个高下
- 比個高低 / 比个高低
- 沒個出豁 / 没个出豁
- 沒個是處 / 没个是处
- 沒個見識 / 没个见识
- 沒個開交 / 没个开交
- 滅不個 / 灭不个
- 滿好個 / 满好个
- 猛個勁 / 猛个劲
- 獨自個 / 独自个
- 發個兒 / 发个儿
- 看個究竟 / 看个究竟
- 真個 / 真个 (zhēngè)
- 矬個兒 / 矬个儿
- 矮個 / 矮个 (ǎigè)
- 矮個兒 / 矮个儿 (ǎigèr)
- 矮個子 / 矮个子 (ǎigèzi)
- 第一個 / 第一个 (dì-yī gè)
- 自個兒 / 自个儿 (zìgěr)
- 若個 / 若个
- 行個方便 / 行个方便
- 見個情 / 见个情
- 覷個意順 / 觑个意顺
- 討個分曉 / 讨个分晓
- 賠個不是 / 赔个不是
- 賣個破綻 / 卖个破绽
- 這個 / 这个
- 那個 / 那个
- 郎個 / 郎个
- 隔裡個裡 / 隔里个里
- 高個兒 / 高个儿
- 高個子 / 高个子
- 麥個子 / 麦个子
Descendants
editOthers:
Pronunciation 2
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gě
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gě
- Wade–Giles: ko3
- Yale: gě
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gee
- Palladius: гэ (gɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
edit個
References
edit- ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “dê”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects. (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 99; New Edition, With Corrections by the Author., Thomas Barclay, Lîm Iàn-sîn 林燕臣, London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 99
- 羅竹風 [Luo, Zhufeng], editor (1986–1994), “個”, in 漢語大詞典 [Hanyu Da Cidian] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →ISBN
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00190
- National Languages Promotion Committee, editor (1999), 《國語一字多音審訂表》 [Guóyǔ Yī Zì Duō Yīn Shěndìng Biǎo][3] (in Chinese), Taipei: Ministry of Education, →ISBN, page 9
Japanese
editKanji
edit個
Readings
editPronunciation
editCounter
edit| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 個 |
| こ Grade: 5 |
| tōon |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 㐰 箇 |
Usage notes
editThis is one of the most common counter words in Japanese. It can be used to count small, round objects.
See also
editJapanese counter/suffix: 個 (こ, ko) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Kanji | Kana | Romaji |
| 1 | 一個 | いっこ | ikko |
| 2 | 二個 | にこ | niko |
| 3 | 三個 | さんこ | sanko |
| 4 | 四個 | よんこ | yonko |
| 5 | 五個 | ごこ | goko |
| 6 | 六個 | ろっこ | rokko |
| 7 | 七個 | ななこ、しちこ | nanako, shichiko |
| 8 | 八個 | はっこ、はちこ | hakko, hachiko |
| 9 | 九個 | きゅうこ | kyūko |
| 10 | 十個 | じっこ、じゅっこ | jikko, jukko |
| 11 | 十一個 | じゅういっこ | jūikko |
| 12 | 十二個 | じゅうにこ | jūniko |
| 13 | 十三個 | じゅうさんこ | jūsanko |
| 20 | 二十個 | にじっこ、にじゅっこ | nijikko, nijukko |
| 21 | 二十一個 | にじゅういっこ | nijūikko |
| 100 | 百個 | ひゃっこ | hyakko |
| 1,000 | 千個 | せんこ | senko |
| 10,000 | 一万個 | いちまんこ | ichimanko |
| 100,000,000 | 一億個 | いちおくこ | ichiokuko |
| 0 | ０個、零個 | ゼロこ、れいこ | zeroko, reiko |
| ? | 何個 | なんこ | nanko |
Korean
editHanja
editCompounds
edit- 개인 (個人, gaein, “individual”)
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit- generic classifier
References
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