魂

魂	U+9B42, 魂 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9B42

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

魂 (Kangxi radical 194, 鬼+4, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一戈竹戈 (MIHI), four-corner 1671₃, composition ⿰云鬼)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1461, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45787
Dae Jaweon: page 1994, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4428, character 9
Unihan data for U+9B42

ChineseEdit

trad.		魂
simp. ^#		魂
alternative forms		䰟

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 魂
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (云) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
魂	*ɢuːn
沄	ɢuːn, ɢun
忶	ɢuːn, ɢuns
囩	*ɢun
夽	*ŋunʔ
雲	*ɢun
芸	*ɢun
耘	*ɢun
妘	*ɢun
紜	*ɢun
云	*ɢun
耺	*ɢun
蕓	*ɢun
澐	*ɢun
橒	*ɢun
抎	*ɢunʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢuːn): phonetic 云 (OC *ɢun) + semantic 鬼.

EtymologyEdit

Cognate with 雲 (OC *ɢun, “cloud”) (Carr, 1985).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hún (hun²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wan⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fùn

(Meixian, Guangdong): fun²
Min Dong (BUC): hùng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hûn

(Teochew, Peng'im): hung⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³hhun

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hún
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hún
  - Wade–Giles: hun²
  - Yale: hwún
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwen
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xwən³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wan⁴
  - Yale: wàhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: wen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fùn
  - Hakka Romanization System: funˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fun²
  - Sinological IPA: /fun¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fun²
  - Sinological IPA: /fun¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hùng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hûn
  - Tâi-lô: hûn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: huun
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hun²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hun²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hun²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hun²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hung⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hûng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³hhun
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦɯə̯ɲ²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦuən/

Rime
Character	魂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	戸昆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuən/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuon/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwən/
Li Rong	/ɣuən/
Wang Li	/ɣuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hún
Expected Cantonese Reflex	wan⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m.]qʷˤə[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɢuːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	魂
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hún
Middle Chinese	‹ hwon ›
Old Chinese	/*[m.]qʷˁə[n]/
English	spiritual soul
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	魂
Reading #	1/1
No.	16353
Phonetic component	云
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	䰟
Old Chinese	/*ɢuːn/

DefinitionsEdit

魂

(religion, folklore) the hun, the soul which goes to heaven, as opposed to the 魄 (pò), which goes down to the earth with the body at death.
soul; spirit
mood
the lofty spirit of a nation or people

SynonymsEdit

魄 (pò)
靈／灵 (líng)
幽靈／幽灵 (yōulíng)
鬼 (guǐ)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 魂

七魄三魂
三魂七魄 (sānhúnqīpò)
亡魂 (wánghún)
亡魂失魄
催魂
冤魂 (yuānhún)
冤魂不散
冰魂
冰魂雪魄
勾魂
叫魂
失魂
失魂落魄 (shīhúnluòpò)
孤魂 (gūhún)
孤魂野鬼
安魂曲 (ānhúnqǔ)
少魂失魄
幽魂 (yōuhún)
弄精魂
引魂旛
心魂 (xīnhún)
心魂不定
忘魂
忠魂
拉魂腔
招魂 (zhāohún)
招魂旛
掉魂
梧丘之魂
消魂
狂魂怨鬼
生魂
神魂 (shénhún)
芳魂
芳魂已杳
英魂 (yīnghún)
返魂
返魂草
迷魂 (míhún)
迷魂寨
鬼魂 (guǐhún)
魂不守宅
魂不守舍 (húnbùshǒushè)
魂子

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

魂

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

soul, spirit
vigor/vigour, willpower

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: ごん (gon)
Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kun: たま (tama, 魂); たましい (tamashii, 魂, Jōyō)^{←たましひ (tamasifi, historical)}
Nanori: こころ (kokoro); もと (moto)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

魂(こん)胆(たん) (kontan)
魂(こん)柱(ちゅう) (konchū)
魂(こん)魄(ぱく) (konpaku)
英(えい)魂(こん) (eikon)
還(かん)魂(こん) (kankon)
気(き)魂(こん) (kikon)
吟(ぎん)魂(こん) (ginkon)
香(こう)魂(こん) (kōkon)
士(し)魂(こん) (shikon)
詩(し)魂(こん) (shikon)
入(じっ)魂(こん) (jikkon)
商(しょう)魂(こん) (shōkon)
招(しょう)魂(こん) (shōkon)
消(しょう)魂(こん), 銷(しょう)魂(こん) (shōkon)
蜀(しょっ)魂(こん) (shokkon)
入(じゅ)魂(こん) (jukon)
入(じゅっ)魂(こん) (jukkon)
心(しん)魂(こん), 神(しん)魂(こん) (shinkon)
身(しん)魂(こん) (shinkon)
精(せい)魂(こん) (seikon)
奪(だっ)魂(こん) (dakkon)
脱(だっ)魂(こん) (dakkon)
忠(ちゅう)魂(こん) (chūkon)
鎮(ちん)魂(こん) (chinkon)
闘(とう)魂(こん) (tōkon)
入(にゅう)魂(こん) (nyūkon)
反(はん)魂(ごん) (hangon)
亡(ぼう)魂(こん) (bōkon)
芳(ほう)魂(こん) (hōkon)
夢(む)魂(こん) (mukon)
幽(ゆう)魂(こん) (yūkon)
遊(ゆう)離(り)魂(こん) (yūrikon)
離(り)魂(こん)病(びょう) (rikonbyō)
霊(れい)魂(こん) (reikon)
神(かみ)魂(むすびの)命(みこと) (Kamimusubi no Mikoto)
蜀魂(ホトトギス) (hototogisu)

Etymology 1Edit

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

魂

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji in this term
魂
たましい Grade: S
kun’yomi

⟨tamasipi₁⟩ → */tamasipʲi/ → /tamaɕifi/ → /tamaɕiwi/ → /tamaɕiː/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tamasipi.

Compound of 魂 (tama, “soul, spirit”, see below) and an uncertain shii, possibly 強ひ (shihi → shii), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 強ふ (shifu → shiu), modern 強いる (shiiru, “to force, compel”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Alternative formsEdit

魄

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) たましい [táꜜmàshìì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ta̠ma̠ɕiː]

NounEdit

魂(たましい) • (tamashī) ^{←たましひ (tamasifi)^?}

(religion, folklore) a soul, spirit
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3767), text here
  多麻之比(たましひ)波(は)安之多由布敝尓(あしたゆふへに)多麻布礼杼(たまふれど)安我牟祢伊多之(あがむねいたし)古非能之氣吉尓(こひのしげきに) [Man'yōgana]
  魂(たましひ)は朝(あした)夕(ゆふべ)にたまふれど我(あ)が胸(むね)痛(いた)し恋(こひ)の繁(しげ)きに [Modern spelling]
  tamashī wa ashita-yūbe ni tamafuredo aga mune itashi koi no shigeki ni
  (please add an English translation of this example)
Synonyms: アニマ (anima), ゼーレ (zēre), ソウル (sōru), 霊魂 (reikon)
mind, spirit, vigor/vigour, willpower
Synonyms: ガイスト (gaisuto), 気力 (kiryoku), 心 (kokoro), 心魂 (kokorodama), 精神 (seishin)
(figurative) spirit (manner or style of something, enthusiasm)
(figurative, by extension) attitude, readiness
Synonym: 気構え (kigamae)
discretion, judgement, prudence
Synonyms: 才略 (sairyaku), 思慮 (shiryo), 分別 (funbetsu)
character, genius, talent, wisdom
Synonyms: 素質 (soshitsu), 天分 (tenbun), 才気 (saiki)
(from a warrior's "spirit") a katana (single-edged Japanese sword)
Synonym: 刀 (katana)

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

魂(たましい)の (tamashī no, pillow word)
男(おとこ)の魂(たましい) (otoko no tamashī)
女(おんな)の魂(たましい) (onna no tamashī)
国(くに)魂(だましい) (kuni-damashī)
心(こころ)魂(だましい) (kokoro-damashī)
面(つら)魂(だましい) (tsura-damashī)
負(ま)けじ魂(だましい) (makeji-damashī)
大和(やまと)魂(だましい) (Yamato-damashī)

IdiomsEdit

Idioms

魂(たましい)が抜(ぬ)ける (tamashī ga nukeru)
魂(たましい)を入(い)れ替(か)える (tamashī o irekaeru)
魂(たましい)を消(け)す (tamashī o kesu)
魂(たましい)を天外(てんがい)に飛(と)ばす (tamashī o tengai ni tobasu)
魂(たましい)を冷(ひ)やす (tamashī o hiyasu)
大(だい)小(しょう)は武(ぶ)士(し)の魂(たましい) (daishō wa bushi no tamashī)
三(み)つ子(ご)の魂(たましい)百(ひゃく)まで (mitsugo no tamashī hyaku made)

ProverbsEdit

一(いっ)寸(すん)の虫(むし)にも五(ご)分(ぶ)の魂(たましい) (issun no mushi ni mo gobu no tamashī)
仏(ほとけ)作(つく)って魂(たましい)入(い)れず (hotoke tsukutte tamashī irezu)

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
魂
たま Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *tama.

Thought to be cognate with 玉 (tama, “jewel”).^[1]

Alternative formsEdit

魄, 霊

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) たま [táꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ta̠ma̠]

NounEdit

魂(たま) • (tama) ^{←たま (tama)^?}

a soul, spirit
- 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 10, poem 448)
  空蟬(うつせみ)のからは木(き)ごとにとどむれどたまのゆくへを見(み)ぬぞかなしき
  utsusemi no kara-wa-ki-goto ni todomuredo tama no yukue o minu zo kanashiki
  (please add an English translation of this example)
Synonym: 霊魂 (reikon)

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

魂(たま)合(あ)う (tamaau)
魂(たま)送(おく)り (tamaokuri)
魂(たま)緒(お)の星(ほし) (Tamao no Hoshi)
魂(たま)消(ぎ)る (tamagiru)
魂(たま)極(きわ)る (tama kiwaru, pillow word)
魂(たま)消(げ)る (tamageru)
魂(たま)離(さか)る (tamasakaru)
鎮(たま)魂(しずめ) (tamashizume)
魂(たま)棚(だな) (tamadana)
魂(たま)殿(どの) (tamadono)
魂(たま)振(ふ)り (tamafuri)
魂(たま)讃(ほめ)星(ぼし) (Tamahomeboshi)
魂(たま)祭(まつり) (tama-matsuri), 魂(たま)祭(まつ)り (tama-matsuri)
魂(たま)迎(むか)え (tamamukae)
魂(たま)結(むす)び (tamamusubi)
魂(たま)屋(や) (tamaya)
魂(たま)呼(よ)ばい (tamayobai), 魂(たま)呼(よ)び (tamayobi)
悪(あく)魂(だま) (akudama)
稲(いな)魂(たま) (inatama), 稲(いな)魂(だま) (inadama)
肝(きも)魂(だま) (kimodama), 肝(きも)魂(たま) (kimotama), 肝(きも)っ魂(たま) (kimottama)
国(くに)魂(たま) (kunitama)
心(こころ)魂(だま) (kokorodama)
木(こ)魂(だま) (kodama), 木(こ)魂(たま) (kotama)
根(こん)性(じょう)魂(だま) (konjō-dama)
亡(な)き魂(たま) (nakitama)
和(にき)魂(たま) (nikitama)
人(ひと)魂(だま) (hitodama)
船(ふな)魂(だま) (funadama)
御(み)魂(たま) (mitama)

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
魂
こん Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 魂 (MC ɦuən).

Compare modern Mandarin 魂 (hún)

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) こん [kóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kõ̞ɴ]

NounEdit

魂(こん) • (kon)

mind, spirit, will
Synonyms: 心 (kokoro), 精神 (seishin)
a soul, spirit
Synonym: 霊魂 (reikon)
hun: yang energy or spirit
Antonym: 魄 (haku)

Hypernym: 魂魄 (konpaku)

Derived termsEdit

和(わ)魂(こん) (wakon)

Etymology 4Edit

Kanji in this term
魂
こころ Grade: S
irregular

From 心 (kokoro, “heart, mind, spirit”).

Proper nounEdit

魂(こころ) • (Kokoro)

a female given name

ReferencesEdit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 魂 (MC ɦuən).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅩᆫ (Yale: hhwon) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 혼 (hwon) (Yale: hwon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.