-ка
Komi-ZyrianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Possibly from Russian -ка (-ka).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ка • (-ka)
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Bubrikh, Dmitry V. (1949) Грамматика литературного Коми языка [Grammar of the literary Komi language] (in Russian), Leningrad: Zhdanov Leningrad State University, page 61
MacedonianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ка • (-ka)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
Derived termsEdit
RussianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
ParticleEdit
-ка • (-ka)
DescendantsEdit
- → Ingrian: -k
Etymology 2Edit
From a conflation of two suffixes Proto-Slavic *-ьka and Proto-Slavic *-ъka. The former always came to be used after velars (hence the occurrence of the Slavic first palatalization), while the latter always came to be used after -л- (hence the lack of palatalization of -л- before -ка).
SuffixEdit
-ка • (-ka)
- (added to (normally feminine) nouns, forms diminutives, sometimes with a further change in meaning)
- жи́ла (žíla, “vein”) + -ка (-ka) → жи́лка (žílka, “veinlet, small vein”)
- моги́ла (mogíla, “grave”) + -ка (-ka) → моги́лка (mogílka, “small grave”)
- бума́га (bumága, “paper, document”) + -ка (-ka) → бума́жка (bumážka, “small document”)
- ку́кла (kúkla, “doll, puppet”) (genitive plural ку́кол (kúkol)) + -ка (-ka) → ку́колка (kúkolka, “small doll, pupa”)
- пчела́ (pčelá, “bee”) + -ка (-ka) → пчёлка (pčólka, “small bee”)
- вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka) → во́дка (vódka, “vodka”) (originally, "something diluted with water")
- (added to nouns denoting classes of people, forms the feminine equivalent; replaces the suffix -ец (-ec) if present)
- ленингра́дец (leningrádec, “resident of Leningrad”) + -ка (-ka) → ленингра́дка (leningrádka, “female resident of Leningrad”)
- (added to verbs, forms abstract nouns or nouns indicating the result of the action)
- закали́ть (zakalítʹ, “to temper, to harden”) + -ка (-ka) → зака́лка (zakálka, “tempering, hardening; training (for endurance)”)
- мочи́ть (močítʹ, “to soak, to wet”) + -ка (-ka) → мо́чка (móčka, “soaking, wetting”)
- отде́лать (otdélatʹ, “to finish, to trim”) + -ка (-ka) → отде́лка (otdélka, “finishing, trimming; finish, trim”)
- подде́лать (poddélatʹ, “to counterfeit, to fake”) + -ка (-ka) → подде́лка (poddélka, “counterfeit, imitation, fake, forgery”)
- блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + -ка (-ka) → блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
- (added to verbs, forms instruments or tools)
- (added to adjectives or numerals, forms colloquial nouns with the meaning of a carrier of the adjective's or numeral's properties)
- минера́льный (minerálʹnyj, “mineral (relational)”) + -ка (-ka) → минера́лка (minerálka, “mineral water (colloquial); mineral fertilizer (colloquial)”)
- зени́тный (zenítnyj, “zenith (relational); anti-aircraft (relational)”) + -ка (-ka) → зени́тка (zenítka, “anti-aircraft gun (colloquial)”)
- полтора́ (poltorá, “one and a half”) (oblique cases полу́тора (polútora)) + -ка (-ka) → полу́торка (polútorka, “small apartment consisting of a medium-sized room and a small room (colloquial); GAZ-AA-brand truck with a 1.5-ton payload (colloquial)”)
Usage notesEdit
Note the following properties:
- If the stress is on the ending, it is drawn onto the preceding syllable. Unstressed е may turn into ё when stressed.
- If the stress is not on the ending, it generally remains in the same place, but when added onto verbs ending in -и́ровать (-írovatʹ), the stress moves onto -ов-.
- блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + -ка (-ka) → блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
- A velar may turn into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization. This is due to the *ь that was formerly present at the beginning of one variant of the suffix.
- If the noun is feminine or neuter and reducible, the unreduced stem (as found in the genitive plural) is used. This happens frequently when the suffix is added onto a noun already in diminutive form.
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
See alsoEdit
- -то (-to)
Serbo-CroatianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
SuffixEdit
-ка (Latin spelling -ka)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.