Appendix:Cebuano–Tagalog relations
This appendix contains the relations between the languages Cebuano and Tagalog.
Cebuano and Tagalog are two languages of the Philippines with the most native speakers, both descended from a last common ancestor called Proto-Central Philippine. Cebuano is spoken in Cebu, eastern Negros island, Bohol, western & southern Leyte and most of Mindanao. Tagalog is spoken in Metro Manila, as well as Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Mindoro island, Nueva Ecija, Palawan, Quezon, Rizal and Zambales, and serves as the basis of the national language Filipino, one of the Philippines' official languages alongside English. Cebuano and Tagalog are closely related, both being Central Philippine languages, and shares many cognates, but they are not mutually intelligible, and there are also many false friends and false cognates speakers of both languages can encounter.
Unless otherwise indicated, Cebuano terms listed here usually refer to General Cebuano words, that is, those from the de facto prestige dialect of Cebuano spoken around Carcar in Cebu. For Tagalog, terms used in the standard language of Manila is used. Where no accent is provided, the word is pronounced with second-to-final (penultimate) stress.
Cognates
editCebuano and Tagalog shares many cognates, especially in core vocabulary. Most Cebuano-Tagalog cognates descend from Proto-Central Philippine, Proto-Philippine, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian. For each of these forms, a Proto-Central Philippine (PCPh) reconstruction is given. This list excludes terms that are spelled similarly and mean the same in both languages:
- adláw - araw (PCPh *ʔaldaw)
- aslóm - asim (PCPh *ʔalsəm)
- babaye - babae (PCPh *babahi)
- bag-o - bago (PCPh *baʔgu)
- bahón - bahín (PCPh *bahən)
- balanban - bambán (PCPh *banban)
- balon - baon (PCPh *balun)
- baláy - bahay (PCPh *balay)
- banog - banoy (via Kapampangan) (PCPh *banug)
- bituon - bituín (PCPh *bituʔən)
- buaya – buwaya (PCPh *buʔaya)
- bugás - bigás (PCPh *bəgas)
- buhì - buhay (PCPh *buhay)
- bulan - buwán (PCPh *bulan)
- dagami – dayami (via Kapampangan) (PCPh *dagami)
- dagom – karayom (via Kapampangan) (PCPh *dagum)
- dalan - daán (PCPh *dalan)
- dalom - lalim (PCPh *daləm)
- danaw - danaw (PCPh *danaw)
- daog – daíg (PCPh *daʔəg)
- dili - dî, hindî (PCPh *di)
- dinhî - dini (PCPh *dinhi < *dihni)
- duhâ - dalawá (PCPh *duha, *daduha)
- gabií - gabí (PCPh *gabiʔi)
- lióg - leég (PCPh *liʔəg)
- napulô - sampû (PCPh *puluʔ, *sampuluʔ)
- tawo - tao (PCPh *tau)
- tudlo - turò (PCPh *tulduʔ)
- tuló - tatló (PCPh *təlu, *tatlu < *tatəlu)
- unom - anim (PCPh *ənəm, *anəm < *a-ənəm)
- upat - apat (PCPh *əpat, *apat < *a-əpat)
- usá - isá (PCPh *əsa, *isa)
Reflexes for Proto-Philippine (PPh) sounds in Cebuano and Tagalog via Proto-Central Philippine (PCPh) respectively are as follows. Cebuano reflexes also apply to the other Bisayan languages:
- PPh/PCPh *ə → Cebuano and Bisayan /o ~ u/, Tagalog /i/. The Bisayan reflex is also shared with Bikol languages (Albay Bikol, Bikol Central, Iriga Bicolano/Rinconada, etc.), as well as most Bisayan languages (Aklanon, Capiznon, Hiligaynon, Masbatenyo, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray-Waray, etc.). Karay-a keeps the schwa, as well as the Rinconada (Iriga) Bikol dialects.
- PPh *ʀ → PCPh *g → Cebuano and Tagalog ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/.
- PPh *z → PCPh *d → Cebuano and Tagalog ⟨d⟩ /d/ (⟨r⟩ in Tagalog and ancient Cebuano in intervocalic position)
- Intervocalic PPh/PCPh *l often disappears or changes to h, w or y in Tagalog depending on the surrounding vowels. General or Standard Cebuano (Carcar-Dalaguete dialect) retains it, but some Cebuano dialects (Metro Cebu, Boholano, Leyte) lose it.
- Intervocalic PPh/PCPh *d generally turns to r and eventually l in both Cebuano and Tagalog.
- The clusters PPh *l+consonant (except *h, *q or another *l) and *q+consonant undergo reduction in Tagalog, with the former sound disappearing and the preceding vowel lengthened (and thus stressed in modern Tagalog). Most Bisayan languages including Cebuano retain these clusters, albeit with metathesis (e.g. PPh *qalsəm > PCPh *ʔalsəm > Cebuano aslom and Old Tagalog: */a:sim/ > Tagalog ásim; PPh *baqʀu > PCPh *baʔgu > Cebuano bag-o and Old Tagalog: */ba:gu/ > Tagalog bágo)
Loanwords
editCebuano borrowings in Tagalog
editTagalog has loanwords from Cebuano, mostly due to to Cebuano and Bisayan migration to Tagalog-speaking regions. Some of these terms refer to concepts that did not previously exist in Tagalog or relate to Cebuano or Bisaya culture; some others have pre-existing equivalents and are introduced to Tagalog by native Cebuano speakers. Some Tagalog slang are of Cebuano provenance (e.g. Tagalog jombag, from Cebuano sumbag).
- bilanggo - prisoner. Originally meant “bailiff”. Of Tamil origin. Borrowed further into Ilocano via Tagalog but with a different meaning.
- bilangguan - prison. From bilanggoan, which originally meant “bailiff's house", and derives from bilanggo (see above). Coexists with kulungan.
- buang - crazy, insane. Coexists with baliw.
- dugong - dugong; sea cow
- habal-habal – motorcycle taxi
- kawatan - robber. Coexists with magnanakaw.
- lungsod – city. Borrowed into Tagalog under the Tagalista movement with the intention of displacing the Spanish borrowing siyudad.
- Tsekwa - (ethnic slur) Chinese person. Originated from Insik wakang, kaon, kalibang, a Cebuano limerick chanted by children to mock Chinese people in the late 19th century.
- tulisan - bandit. Since borrowed into Bikol (same meaning) and Ilocano (with the meaning "robber").
Tagalog borrowings in Cebuano
editCebuano, in turn, also has loanwords from Tagalog. Most of these words usually form the vocabulary of "Bisalog" (Cebuano-Tagalog code-switching, or Cebuano varieties influenced by Tagalog, especially spoken Davao Cebuano). Some of these coexist with pre-existing equivalents.
False friends and false cognates
editCebuano and Tagalog has many false friends and false cognates.
Cebuano word | Cebuano word's English translation | Tagalog translation | Tagalog word | Tagalog word's English translation | Cebuano translation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
asó | smoke | usok | aso | dog | irô | Tagalog also has asó in the same sense as Cebuano, but usok is more widely used. |
bago | paddy oats (Gnetum gnemon) | bago | new | bag-o | ||
balon | food, money or provisions to be brought on a trip | baon | balón | well | atabay | |
bangág | hole | butas | bangág | intoxicated; high; stoned | ||
bangaw | rainbow | bahaghari | bangaw | blowfly; botfly | lagong | |
bantót | light thud of a falling object | bantot | foul smell of stagnant water | |||
banyaga | rascal; scoundrel | banyagà | foreigner | From Sanskrit via Malay berniaga. | ||
basbás | to chop off nodes, lumps, etc. in wood or bamboo; to husk corn | basbás | blessing; benediction | bendisyón | ||
batasan | custom; habit | gawî, kagawian | batasan | legislature | balaoran, lehislatura | Cebuano sense also used in Hiligaynon and Waray-Waray. The Tagalog derives from batas (“law”), which is likely originated as a back-formation of the Cebuano, and dates from the early 20th century. |
batid | experienced; skilled | bihasà, dalubhasà | batíd | aware | nasayod | Cebuano sense also used in Hiligaynon |
binata | childish | kilos-bata, isip-bata | binatà | bachelor | Sense also used in Waray-Waray | |
bukid | mountain | bundok | bukid | field; farm | patag, umahan | Both from Proto-Austronesian, but meanings since diverged due to cultural and geographical differences between the Tagalogs and the Cebuanos (the Tagalog homeland is mostly plains, while Cebu is mostly hills and mountains). Both Cebuano and Tagalog are cognate with Indonesian and Malay bukit (“hill”); the Cebuano meaning is much closer to those, but are still false friends. |
butò butó |
(vulgar) vulva to explode |
kiki sabog |
butó | bone | bukog | |
butó | seed | liso, binhi | ||||
daan | old | lumà, matandâ | daán | way, road, street | dalan | Cebuano is cognate with Ilocano daan |
daán | hundred | gatos | ||||
dagan | to run | takbo | dagán | |||
dagsà | to wash ashore | dagsa | arrival in great numbers | baha, punsisok | ||
didto | there | doón | dito | here | dinhi | Cebuano dinhi is cognate to Southern Tagalog dini. |
dukót | burned rice | tutóng | dukot | act of pulling or drawing out of something from a pocket, bag, etc. | kuot | Cebuano is cognate with Tagalog dikit |
gamót | root of plants | ugát | gamót | medicine | tambal | Both from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Both Cebuano and Tagalog are cognate with Ilocano ramot; Cebuano and Ilocano share the same meaning. |
gubat | war | giyera, digmaan | gubat | forest | lasang | Tagalog also has the "war" sense, but is now obsolete. |
hubog | drunk; intoxicated | lasing | hubog | to shape; figure; form; mold
curved |
giporma; kurbado | Both Cebuano and Hiligaynon share the same word and definition, albeit in a different spelling (see hubug.) The words giporma (root word: porma) and kurbado are also used in Bikol Central (see porma, and kurbado), which are derivatives from the Spanish words forma and curvado. |
kagaw | germ, microbe | mikrobyo | kagaw | itch
mite |
Both from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Tagalog has since acquired the sense of “germ; microbe” but the loanword mikrobyo is still more commonly used. | |
kamót | hand | kamáy | kamot | scratch | kuskós | |
kawáy | tentacle | galamay | kaway | waving of hands; calling someone by waving | warawara | Tagalog is also borrowed to Cebuano. Words come from similar PMP roots, meaning "to wave one's hands" and "tentacle"; a connection between the two is proposed. |
langgam | bird | ibon | langgám | ant | holmigas | |
libog | confusion | litó | libog | libido; sex drive | biga, ulag | |
litid | exposed root of a tree | litid | tendon; ligament | |||
lungsód | town | bayan | lungsód | city | siyudád, dakbayan | Tagalog borrowed the Cebuano under the early 1900s Tagalista movement, but with deliberate semantic shift to "city" in attempt to replace siyudad, resulting to the Cebuano and Tagalog becoming false friends. |
ngalngál | to make thoughtless, extravagant demands | ngalngál | loud, long cry of a child | |||
pakpak | husk; bark of trees | balat | pakpak | wing | pakó | |
pakô | wing | pakpak | pakò | nail | lansáng | |
palít | to buy | bili | palít | change; exchange | puli | From Proto-Philippine. |
pulò | ten | sampû | pulô | island | pulô, isla | |
saad | promise; vow | pangakò | saád | saying or mention of something | sulti | |
suhol | wage; compensation | sahod, kompensasyon | suhol | bribe | suborno | Cebuano suhol has since acquired the sense of "bribe", but is associated with Bisalog (Cebuano influenced by Tagalog, especially spoken Cebuano in Davao Region). |
tuló | three | tatló | tulò | drip; drop | tulò | |
tulong | skewer | tuhog | tulong | help | tabang | |
usá | one | isá | usá | deer | usá | |
walá | left | kaliwâ | walâ | none, nothing | walâ |
Example texts
editProvided here are various example texts for comparison between the two languages.
Basic phrases
editEnglish | Cebuano | Tagalog |
---|---|---|
Hello | Kumusta/Maayong adlaw | Kumusta/Magandang araw |
Good morning | Maayong buntag | Magandang umaga |
Good afternoon | Maayong udto (noon-12:59PM); Maayong palis (1-2:59PM); Maayong hapon (3-6PM) | Magandang tanghali (noon-12:59PM); Magandang hapon (1-6PM) |
Good evening | Maayong gabii | Magandang gabi |
Goodbye | Ari na ko; Hangtod sa sunod na kahigayon | Hanggang sa muli |
Thank you | Salamat | |
Thank you very much | Daghang salamat | Maraming salamat |
Lord's Prayer
editCebuano | Tagalog |
---|---|
Amahan Namo Amahan namo, nga anaa sa langit, pagabalaanon unta ang imong ngalan. Umabot kanamo ang imong gingharian, matuman ang imong kabubut-on, dinhi sa yuta maingon sa langit. Hatagi kami karong adlawa sa among kalan-on sa matag adlaw, ug pasayloa kami sa among mga sala, maingon nga kami usab nagapasaylo sa mga makasasala kanamo, ug ayaw kami itugyan sa panulay, kondili luwasa kami gikan sa daotan. Amen. |
Ama Namin
Ama namin, sumasalangit ka, sambahin ang ngalan mo. Mapasaamin ang kaharian mo, sundin ang loob mo, dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Bigyan mo kami ngayon ng aming pagkain sa araw-araw, at patawarin mo ang aming mga sala, para nang pagpapatawad namin sa nagkasala sa amin, at huwag mo kami ipahintulot sa tukso, at iadya mo kami sa lahat ng masama. Amen. |
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
editCebuano | Tagalog |
---|---|
Ang tanang katawhan gipakatawo nga may kagawasan ug managsama sa kabilihon. Sila gigasahan sa salabotan ug tanlag ug mag-ilhanay isip managsoon sa usag usa diha sa diwa sa espiritu. | Bawat tao'y isinilang na may laya at magkakapantay ang taglay na dangal at karapatan. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhi na kailangang gamitin nila sa pagtuturingan nila sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran. |