Appendix:Malay–Tagalog relations

This appendix contains the relations between the languages Malay and Tagalog.

Malay and Tagalog are two of the most spoken Austronesian languages. Malay is spoken in Malaysia (as Malaysian), Brunei, Singapore and Indonesia (as both as the national language Indonesian and as a regional language). Malay-based pidgins and creoles are also spoken in other parts of maritime Southeast Asia. Tagalog is spoken in the Philippines, as a first language around Manila and surrounding provinces and a second language elsewhere; it serves as the basis of the national language Filipino, one of the Philippines' official languages alongside English. Malay and Tagalog are Malayo-Polynesian languages; while distantly related, they share many cognates, but they are not mutually intelligible, and there are also many false friends and false cognates speakers of both languages can encounter.

Unless otherwise indicated, Malay terms listed here usually refer to Standard Malay words (as used in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore). For Tagalog, terms used in the standard language of Manila is used. Schwa in most Malay words are generally written with a unaccented E in dictionaries; É is used for the conventional E sounds.

Cognates

Malay and Tagalog share many cognates, especially in core vocabulary and early loanwords. Most Malay-Tagalog cognates descend from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian, or are loanwords, some directly from Malay or from another language via Malay. For each of these forms, a Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) reconstruction is given, or the ultimate ancestor in the case of loanwords which came to Tagalog via Malay. Glosses are given for each term in case the Malay and Tagalog differ in meaning. This list mostly excludes cognates with the same spelling, except where they have different meanings. Some Malay forms are similar to Tagalog cognates in Kapampangan, except they are differently pronounced.

• abu - abó (PMP *qabu)
• ada (“exist; present”) - walâ (“absent”) (PMP *wada)
• agama (“religion”) - agham (“science”) (borrowed from Sanskrit आगम (āgama))
• ajar (“teach; educate”) - aral (“study; instruction; education; lesson”) (borrowed from Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya))
• akal (“thought; mind”) - akalà (“presumption; belief”) (borrowed from Arabic عَقَلَ (ʕaqala))
• akibat - akibat (borrowed from Arabic عَاقَبَة (ʕāqaba))
• aku (“I (informal)”) - ako (“I”) (PMP *aku)
• alam (“experience”) - alam (“know”) (borrowed from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam))
• alamat (“address; sign”) - alamát (“legend; folklore”) (borrowed from Arabic عَلَامَة (ʕalāma))
• alu - halo (PMP *qahəlu)
• alun - alon (PMP *qalun)
• alur - alog (PMP *qaluʀ)
• amuk - hamok (PMP *hamuk)
• anai-anai - anay (PMP *anay)
• anak - anák (PMP *anak)
• angin - hangin (PMP *haŋin)
• angkat (“lift; raise”) - angkát (“importation; imported goods”) (PMP *aŋkat)
• angkut - hakot (PMP *hakut)
• aniaya (“injustice”) - anyaya (“accident; mishap”) (borrowed from Sanskrit अनय (anaya))
• antara - antala (borrowed from Sanskrit अन्तर (ántara))
• antuk - antók (PMP *qantuk)
• api - apóy (PMP *hapuy)
• apit - hapit (PMP *hapit)
• arak - alak (borrowed from Arabic عَرَق (ʕaraq))
• asa - asa (borowed from Sanskrit आशा (āśā́))
• asah - hasa (PMP *hasaq)
• asam - asim (PMP *qaləsəm)
• asang, insang - hasang (PMP *hasaŋ)
• asap - asáp (borrowed from Malay < PMP *qasəb)
• asin - asín (PMP *qasin)
• atap - atíp (PMP *qatəp)
• atas - taás (PMP *atas)
• azimat, (Indonesian) jimat - agimat (borrowed from Arabic عَزِيمَة (ʕazīma))
• babi - baboy (PMP *babuy)
• baca - basa (borrowed from Sanskrit वाचा (vācā́))
• bah - bahâ (PMP *bahaq)
• bahagi, (Indonesian) bagi - bahagì (borrowed from Sanskrit भाग्य (bhāgya))
• baharu, baru - bago (PMP *baqəʀu)
• baju - baro (borrowed from Persian بازو (bâzu))
• bakul - bakol (PMP *bakul)
• bakung (“spider lily”) - bakong (“species of plant resembling the lily”) (PMP *bakuŋ)
• balai (“public building; station; hall”) - bahay (“house”) (PMP *balay)
• balik - balík (PMP *balik)
• balu - balo (PMP *balu)
• balut - balot and balut (PMP *balut)
• banar (“radiance”) - banaag (“soft ray; glimmer; faint light”) (PMP *banaqaʀ)
• bangkai (“carcass”) - bangkáy (“corpse; cadaver”) (PMP *baŋkay)
• bangsa - bansâ (borrowed from Sanskrit वंश (vaṃśá))
• bangsi - bansî (borrowed from Sanskrit वंशी (vaṃśī))
• bangun - bangon (PMP *baŋun)
• bantah (“altercation”) - bantâ (“threat; menace”) (PMP *bantaq)
• bara - baga (PMP *baʀah)
• barah (“abscess; cancer”) - bagâ (“abscess; tumor”) (PMP *baʀəq)
• barat - habagat (PMP *habaʀat)
• baru - balibago (PMP *baʀu)
• basah - basâ (PMP *basəq)
• batu - bató (PMP *batu)
• batu berani - batubalani (borrowed from Malay)
• bau (“scent; odor”) - bahò (“foul smell”) (PMP *bahu, *bahuq)
• bawa (“carry, bring”) - babá (“piggyback”) (PMP *baba)
• bawah (“beneath, below”) - babà (“lowness; low height”) (PMP *babaq)
• bawang (“onion”) - bawang (“garlic”) (PMP *bawaŋ)
• bayar - bayad (PMP *bayaD)
• bayung - bayóng (PMP *bayuquŋ)
• bebat - bidbíd (PMP *bəjbəj)
• bébék - bibe (PMP *bibi)
• bedil (“gunpowder”) - baríl (“gun”) (borrowed from Tamil வெடில் (veṭil))
• bekas - bakas (PMP *bəkas; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan bakas)
• beladau (“a curved single-edged dagger”) - balaráw (“a double-bladed dagger of the Visayans”) (PMP *baladaw)
• belah (“split”) - bila (“half; bamboo splits”) (PMP *bəlaq)
• belakang (“back (of the body)”) - balakáng (“hip; pelvis”) (PMP *balakaŋ)
• belalang (“grasshopper; locust”) - balang (“locust”) (PMP *balalaŋ)
• belanak - bának and balanak (PMP *balanak)
• belanga - balangâ (PMP *balaŋa)
• belenggu (“shackles; fetters; chain”) - bilanggô (“prisoner; captive”) (borrowed from Tamil விலங்கு (vilaṅku))
• belérang (“sulphur; gunpowder”) - malilang (“gunpowder”) (borrowed from Malay)
• beli - bilí (PMP *bəli)
• belian - babaylán (PMP *balian; Tagalog is borrowed from Cebuano babaylan)
• belikat - balikat (borrowed from Malay)
• belimbing - balimbing (PMP *baliŋbíŋ)
• belisah - balisâ (borrowed from Malay)
• bemban - bambán (PMP *banban)
• benar - banál (borrowed from Malay)
• bendahari (“treasurer”) - bandahali (“butler”) (borrowed from Sanskrit भाण्डागार (bhāṇḍāgāra))
• bengis - bangís (borrowed from Malay)
• berniaga (“trade”) - banyaga (“foreigner”) (borrowed from Sanskrit वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka))
• benih - binhî (PMP *binəhiq)
• berani (“bravery”) - bayani (“hero”) and balani (“magnet”) (PMP *baʀani; Tagalog bayani is borrowed from Kapampangan while balani is borrowed from Malay)
• beras - bigás (PMP *bəʀas)
• berat - bigát (PMP *bəʀəqat)
• beri - bigáy (PMP *bəʀay)
• berita - balità (borrowed from Sanskrit वार्त्ता (vārttā))
• berkas - bigkís (PMP *bəʀkəs)
• bertas - bigtás (PMP *bəʀtas)
• bésan, bisan - baysán (PMP *baysan)
• betara - bathala and Bathala (borrowed from Sanskrit भट्टार (bhaṭṭāra))
• betis - bitiís (PMP *bətiəs, *bitiəs)
• biar (“permitting”) - bihag (“hostage; captive”) (PMP *bihaʀ)
• biasa - bihasà (borrowed from Sanskrit अभ्यास (abhyāsa))
• biawak - bayawak (PMP *bayawak)
• biaya (“disbursement”) - biyaya (“blessing”) (borrowed from Sanskrit व्यय (vyaya))
• bibir (“lips”) - bibíg (“mouth”) (PMP *bibiʀ)
• bihun - bihon (borrowed from Chinese 米粉 (mǐfěn))
• bilang - bilang (PMP *bilaŋ)
• bilik (“room”) - bilik (“shed between two houses for a party; annex; small room”) (borrowed from Malay)
• bingka - bibingká (borrowed from Malay)
• bini (“wife”) - babae (“woman”) (PMP *babahi, *binahi)
• bintang - bituín (PMP *bituqən)
• birah - bigá (PMP *biʀaq)
• biras - bilás (borrowed from Malay?)
• bisa - bisà (borrowed from Malay)
• bolak (“prevarication”) - bulà (“lie; falsehood”) (borrowed from Chinese?)
• bongsu, bungsu - bunsô (borrowed from Malay)
• buat (“do; perform”), muat (“load; fit”) - buhat (“lifting; carrying; raising upward”) (PMP *buhat)
• buaya - buwaya (PMP *buqaya)
• bubu (“basket-trap for fish”) - bubo (“fish trap”) (PMP *bubu)
• bubuh - bubô (PMP *buqbuq)
• bubuk - bukbok (PMP *bukbuk)
• budi (“wisdom; mental disposition”) - budhi (“conscience”) (borrowed from Sanskrit बुद्धि (búddhi))
• bukit (“hill; mound”) - bukid (“farm”) (PMP *bukij)
• buku - bukó (PMP *bukuh)
• bulan - buwan (PMP *bulan)
• bular (“cataract”) - bulag (“blind”) (PMP *bulaʀ)
• bulu - bulo (PMP *bulu)
• bumbung - bubóng (PMP *bubuŋ)
• bunga (“flower”) - bunga (“fruit”) (PMP *buŋa)
• bungkus - bungkós (PMP *buŋkus)
• buntut (“butt; rear end; tail”) - buntót (“tail”) (PMP *buntut)
• bunuh (“kill; murder”) - bunô (“wrestling; scuffle; tussle; grappling”) (PMP *bunuq)
• bunyi (“sound”) - bunyî (“fame; renown; great honor; hilarious celebration”) (PMP *buñi; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan)
• bura - bugá (PMP *buʀah)
• buru - bugaw (PMP *buʀaw)
• buruk - bugók (“rotten (said of an egg)”), bulók (“rotten, putrid”) (PMP *buʀuk; Tagalog bulok is borrowed from Malay)
• busung (“bloated; distended”) - busong (“ungrateful”) (PMP *busuŋ)
• busur - busog (PMP *busuʀ)
• butir - butil (borrowed from Malay)
• butuh - butò (PMP *butuq)
• catur - satól (borrowed from Sanskrit चतुरङ्ग (cátur-aṅga))
• cawang (“bifurcation; branching off”) - sabang (“intersection of road, river, etc.”) (PMP *cabaŋ)
• cekik (“strangle; choke; throttle”) - sikig (“thight-fitting around neck or under the armpits”) (PMP *cəkig)
• cemburu - panibughô (PMP *buʀəhu)
• cempaka - sampaga and tsampaka (borrowed from Sanskrit चम्पक (campaka))
• cengkih (“clove”) - sangki (“anise”) (borrowed from Chinese 丁芽)
• cerita - salitâ (borrowed from Sanskrit चरित (carita))
• cermin - salamín (borrowed from Malay)
• ceruk - sulok (borrowed from Malay?)
• ciap (“tweet; squeak”) - siyap (“tweet”) (PMP *ciap)
• ciku - tsiko (borrowed from Spanish chicozapote)
• cincin - singsíng (borrowed from Chinese 手指 (shǒuzhǐ))
• cinta - sintâ (borrowed from Sanskrit चिन्ता (cintā́))
• congkak - sungkâ (borrowed from Malay)
• cuka - suka (borrowed from Sanskrit चुक्रा (cukrā))
• dadu - dado (borrowed from Vulgar Latin *dadu via Portuguese/Spanish)
• dahak (“coughing up phlegm; mucus from the chest”) - dahak (“effort to gather phlegm in the throat in order to expectorate”) (borrowed from Malay)
• daeng, daing - daing (borrowed from Malay)
• dakap - dakíp (PMP *dakəp)
• dalam - lalim and idalum (PMP *daləm)
• dalih (“equivocation; subterfuge”) - dahil (“cause; reason”) and uralì (“incitement or instigation through artifice, intrigue, or deception”) (borrowed from Malay)
• damai (“peacemaking”) - damay (“sympathetic aid”) (PMP *damay)
• danau (“lake”) - danaw and lanaw (“lagoon; pond”) (PMP *danaw)
• dandang (“boiler; steamer”) - dangdang (“heating through exposure to fire or glowing coals”) (PMP *daŋdaŋ)
• dapur - dapog (PMP *dapuʀ)
• dara (“virgin; maiden”) - dalaga (“young, unmarried lady; maiden”) (PMP *daʀa, *dadaʀa)
• darat (“dry land”) - dagat (“sea”) and dalatan (“cultivated highland”) (PMP *daʀat; Tagalog dalatan is borrowed from Malay)
• dasun (“garlic”) - lasuna (“onion”) (borrowed from Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna))
• datang - datíng (PMP *datəŋ)
• datar (“level; flat; even”) - latág (“covered; spread over with a mat, rug, etc. (of a flat surface)”) (PMP *dataʀ)
• datu - datu (PMP *datu)
• daulat (“prosperity”) - daulát (“fortune; bliss”) (borrowed from Arabic دَوْلَة (dawla))
• daun - dahon (PMP *dahun)
• daya - dayà (borrowed from Malay)
• dayang - dayang (borrowed from Malay)
• dedak (“powdered rice-husk; chaff; bran”) - dikdík (“pulverized from pounding”) (PMP *dəkdək)
• dedap - dapdáp (PMP *dapdap)
• dekat (“near”) - dikít (“paste; glue”) (PMP *dəkət)
• delima - dalima (borrowed from Sanskrit दाडिम (dāḍima))
• dendam - damdám (PMP *dəmdəm; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan damdam)
• dengar (“to hear”) - dingig (“audible”) (PMP *dəŋəʀ)
• depa - dipá (PMP *dəpah)
• deras - dalás (borrowed from Malay)
• derita - dalitâ (borrowed from Sanskrit दरित (darita))
• déwata - diwatà (borrowed from Sanskrit देवता (devátā))
• dinding - dingdíng (PMP *diŋdiŋ)
• diri - haligi (“post; pillar; column”) (PMP *hadiʀi)
• dosa (“sin”) - dusa (“suffering; affliction; sorrow”) (borrowed from Sanskrit दोष (dóṣa))
• dua - dalawa (PMP *duha, *daduha)
• duduk - luklók (PMP *dukduk)
• duka (“sorrow”) - dukhâ (“poverty; indigent”) (borrowed from Sanskrit दुःख (duḥkhá))
• dupa - dupâ (borrowed from Sanskrit धूप (dhūpa))
• durian - duryán (borrowed from Malay)
• dusta (“lie; falsehood”) - dusta (“ignominiously insulted”) (borrowed from Sanskrit दुष्ट (duṣṭa))
• duyung - duyóng (PMP *duyuŋ)
• ékor (“rear end”) - ikog (“haft; handle”) (PMP *ikuʀ)
• élak - ilag (PMP *qilag)
• éléng - ilíng (PMP *iliŋ)
• embun - ambón (PMP *ambun)
• empat - apat (PMP *əpat, *a-əpat)
• empu (“master”) - impo (“grandmother”) (PMP *əmpu)
• enam - anim (PMP *ənəm, *a-ənəm)
• enau - anahaw (PMP *qanahaw)
• engah (“panting”) - hingá (“breathing; respiration”) (PMP *həŋaq)
• engkau (“you (only used with inferiors, generally disrespectful)”) - ikaw (“you (singular)”) (PMP *ikahu)
• éngkong - ingkong (borrowed from Chinese 引公)
• éngsot - isod (PMP *isud)
• enjak (“step, tread”) - indak (“jig, dance; gambol; skip and dance; tap dancing”) (PMP *ənzak)
• erang - higing (PMP *həʀəŋ)
• erat - humigít (PMP *həʀət, *huməʀət)
• esa - isá (PMP *əsa, *isa)
• faham, (Indonesian) paham (“understand”) - paham (“learned person; genius”) (borrowed from Arabic فَهْم (fahm))
• gading - garíng (borrowed from Malay)
• gaham (“bluster; threaten”) - gahaman (“bullying; threatening”) (borrowed from Malay)
• gajah - gadyá (borrowed from Sanskrit गज (gaja))
• gajus (“cashew”) - kadyos (“chickpea”) (borrowed from Portuguese cajus)
• galau (“to make an uproar; to enjoy themselves noisily”) - galáw (“movement; joking; teasing”) (borrowed from Malay?)
• gantang - ganta (borrowed from Malay via Spanish ganta)
• ganti - gantí (borrowed from Malay)
• gasal - gansál (borrowed from Malay)
• gatal - katí (PMP *gatəl)
• gelak (“laugh”), galak (“uxorious; lascivious”) - galák (“joy; happiness; gladness”) (borrowed from Malay)
• genap (“even; complete”) - ganáp (“complete; full; perfect”) (borrowed from Malay)
• genggam - kimkim (PMP *gəmgəm, *kəmkəm)
• geragas - gasgás (PMP *gasgas)
• gergaji - lagarì (borrowed from Sanskrit क्रकच (krakaca))
• gerumut (“swarming”) - kulumot (“congestion; crowd”) (borrowed from Malay)
• getah (“plant sap, gum or latex”) - gatâ (“coconut milk; plant juice or extract”) (borrowed from Malay)
• gigil - gigil (PMP *gigil)
• giling - giling (PMP *giliŋ)
• golok (“a cutting tool similar to machete”) - gulok (“cutlass-like weapon; machete”) (borrowed from Malay)
• gong - agong (borrowed from Malay)
• gorés, guris (“scratch”) - gulis (“scratch marks on the skin; scratch on a surface”) (PMP *guris)
• guam, ruam - guhám (PMP *guham, *ʀuham)
• gulai (“wet-curried food; (Brunei) vegetable”) - gulay (“vegetable”) (borrowed from Tamil குலை (kulai))
• gunting - guntíng (borrowed from Malay)
• guru - gurò (borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (gurú))
• habuk - abók (PMP *qabuk)
• hadang, (Indonesian) adang - harang and hadlang (borrowed from Malay)
• hadap - haráp (borrowed from Malay)
• halang - halang (borrowed from Malay)
• halia - luya (PMP *laqia)
• halipan, lipan - alupihan (PMP *qaluhipan)
• hambat (“pursue; chase”) - abát (“ambush; snare; waylaying”) (PMP *qabat)
• hangit - anghit (PMP *qaŋəlit)
• hantar (“deliver; send”) - hatíd (“delivery of an object”) (PMP *hatəD)
• hantu (“evil spirit; ghost”) - anito (“idolatry”) (PMP *qanitu)
• hanyut - anod (PMP *qañud)
• harga - halagá (borrowed from Sanskrit अर्घ (arghá))
• harimau (“tiger”) - halimaw (“monster; beast”) (borrowed from Malay)
• harus (“current (of the sea or river)”) - agos (“flow of liquid”) (PMP *qaʀus)
• hati - atáy (PMP *qatay)
• hatur, atur (“order; arrangement”) - hatol (“(law) verdict”) (borrowed from Malay)
• héla - hila (borrowed from Malay)
• hémat - himat (borrowed from Arabic هِمَّة (himma))
• hempedu, (Indonesian) empedu - apdó (PMP *qapəju)
• hias (“decorate”) - hiyás (“ornament; decoration; jewel”) (borrowed from Malay)
• hina (“low-down; contemptible”) - hinà (“weakness; fragility”) (borrowed from Sanskrit हीन (hīná))
• hidap, (Indonesian) idap - hirap (PMP *hidap)
• hidung - ilóng (PMP *ijuŋ)
• hikayat (“story; tale”) - hikayat (“persuasion; inducement”) (borrowed from Arabic حِكَايَة (ḥikāya))
• hikmat (“wisdom”) - hikmát (“magic art”) (borrowed from Arabic حِكْمَة (ḥikma))
• himpit, (Indonesian) impit - ipit (PMP *qipit)
• himpun - ipon (PMP *qipun)
• hiris (“slice”) - hilis (“sliced portion shaped like a parallelogram”) (borrowed from Malay)
• hirup - higop (PMP *hiʀup)
• hitam - itím (PMP *qitəm)
• hujan - ulán (PMP *quzan)
• hukum (“decree”) - hukóm (“judge”) (borrowed from Arabic حُكْم (ḥukm))
• hulu - ulo (PMP *qulu)
• hulur (“let go; slack”) - hulog (“fall; drop”) (PMP *huluʀ)
• hunus (“draw off”) - hunos (“shedding”) (PMP *hunus)
• hutang, (Indonesian) utang - utang (PMP *qutaŋ)
• ia - siya (PMP *ia, *si ia)
• ibus - ibos (PMP *ibus)
• ingat (“rembember; cautious”) - ingat (“caution; carefulness”) (PMP *iŋat)
• inggu - inggo (borrowed from Chinese?)
• ipar - hipag (PMP *hipaʀ)
• ipil - ipil (PMP *qipil)
• iri (“envy; envious”) - hili (“envy”) (borrowed from Malay?)
• irik - giík (PMP *qiʀik)
• istinggar - astinggál (borrowed from Portuguese espingarda via Malay)
• itik - itik (PMP *itik)
• jadi - yarì (borrowed from Sanskrit जाति (jātí))
• jaga - alagà (borrowed from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti))
• jahit (“sew”) - dait (“fastened; attached”) (PMP *zaqit)
• jala - dala (borrowed from Sanskrit जाल (jālá))
• jalan - daán (PMP *zalan)
• jangan (“don't”) - dángan (“if it were not that”) (borrowed from Malay)
• jarang - dalang (borrowed from Malay)
• jari (“finger”) - dalì (“measure based on the breadth of a finger”) (borrowed from Malay)
• jarum - karayom (PMP *zaʀum; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan karayum)
• jawa - dawa (borrowed from Sanskrit यव (yáva))
• jemput - dampot (borrowed from Malay)
• jengkal - dangkál (borrowed from Malay)
• jera (“warned by experience”) - dalâ (“wary; scared off; cautious (from a previous undesirable experience)”) (borrowed from Malay)
• jerami - dayami (PMP *zaʀami; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan dayami)
• jijik - diri (borrowed from Malay)
• jiwa - diwa (borrowed from Sanskrit जीव (jīvá))
• juling - dulíng (borrowed from Malay)
• jurubahasa (“interpreter”) - dalubhasa (“expert”) (borrowed from Malay)
• juruh (“native syrup”) - dugô (“blood”) (PMP *zuʀuq)
• kabir - kabig (PMP *kabiʀ)
• kail - kawíl (PMP *kawil)
• kait - kawit (PMP *kawit)
• kajang (“mat protection against rain; mat awning”) - karang (“awning; small shed; nipa or bamboo roofing for native boats or barges”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kakak - kakâ (PMP *kaka)
• kambing - kambíng (borrowed from Malay)
• kami - kami (PMP *kami)
• kanan - kanan (borrowed from Malay)
• kapis (“scallop-shell”) - kapis (“windowpane oyster”) (PMP *kapis)
• kapit - kapit (PMP *kapit)
• kapuk - kapok (borrowed from Malay)
• kapur - apog (PMP *qapuʀ)
• kasih (“affection; mercy”) - kasi (“beloved; dear”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kata (“word; utter”) - kathâ (“literary composition; fiction”) and katâkatâ (“legend; fable; folktale”) (borrowed from Sanskrit कथा (kathā))
• kati - kati (borrowed from Tamil கட்டி (kaṭṭi))
• katir (“outrigger”) - katig (“outrigger of a boat”) (PMP *katiʀ)
• kawah - kawa (PMP *kawaq)
• kawal - kawal (borrowed from Tamil காவல் (kāval))
• kawan (“friend; herd”) - kawan (“herd; flock; school; swarm”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kaya (“rich; wealthy”) - káya (“capability; competence; resources; wealth”) (PMP *kaya)
• kayu - kahoy (PMP *kahiw)
• ke- -an - ka- -an (PMP *ka- -an)
• keban - kabán (borrowed from Malay)
• kebasi (“bony bream or hairback”) - kabasi (“gizzard shad”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kejap - kuráp (PMP *kəzap)
• kelalang (“flask; calabash-like water vessel; decanter”) - kalalang (“narrow-necked water jug”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kelamai, gelamai (“kind of sweet cake similar to dodol, made of glutinous rice, sugar and coconut milk;”) - kalamay (“a sweet conserve made from cornmeal, rice flour or cassava flour, and cooked with coconut milk and sugar”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kelambu - kulambô (borrowed from Malay)
• kelasak (“leather shield”) - kalasag (“shield”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kélék (“carry under arm”) - kilik (“carried on the hip (supported by the arm)”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kelingking - kalingkingan (borrowed from Malay)
• kelubung (“veil; shawl”) - kulubóng (“head wrap; head covering (used by women)”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kelumpang - kalumpang (borrowed from Malay)
• kembar - kambál (borrowed from Malay)
• kempis - impís (PMP *-pəs)
• kemuning - kamuníng (borrowed from Malay)
• kentut - utót (PMP *qətut)
• kepal - kipil (PMP *kəpəl)
• keran - kalán (borrowed from Malay)
• kerani (“clerk”) - kawaní (“employee”) (borrowed from Sanskrit करण (karaṇa))
• kerapu - kulapo, lapulapu (borrowed from Malay)
• kerat - gilít (PMP *kərət, *gərət)
• kerbau - kalabáw (borrowed from Malay)
• keris (“kris”) - kalis (“type of sword resembling the kris”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kertas - kalatas (borrowed from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs))
• kesturi, kasturi - kastuli (borrowed from Sanskrit कस्तूरी (kastūrī))
• kesumba - kasubhâ (borrowed from Sanskrit कुसुम्भ (kusumbha))
• ketapang - katapang (PMP *katapaŋ)
• ketuk, katuk - katók (PMP *katuk)
• khatan (“circumcision”) - katan (“circumcised”) (borrowed from Arabic خِتَان (ḵitān))
• kikir - kikil (borrowed from Malay)
• kilat - kidlát (PMP *kilat)
• kima (“giant clam”) - kimâ (“large shellfish”) (PMP *kima)
• kinyang (“rock crystal; quartz”) - kináng (“shininess; luster”) (PMP *kiñaŋ)
• kita - kita (PMP *kita)
• konon - kunó (PMP *kunu)
• kopiah (“Muslim cap”) - kupya (“iron helmet or similar headgear”) (borrowed from Arabic كُوفِيَّة (kūfiyya))
• kota (“fort, fortress; (Indonesia) city”) - kuta (“fort”) (borrowed from Sanskrit कोट (koṭa))
• kuali - kawalì (borrowed from Tamil குவளை (kuvaḷai))
• kubu (“stockade”) - kubo (“cube-shaped hut”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kucing (“cat”) - kutíng (“kitten”) (PMP *kutiŋ)
• kuit - kuhit (PMP *kuhit)
• kuku - kukó (PMP *kuhkuh)
• kukur - kudkód (PMP *kuDkuD)
• kulat - kulat (PMP *kulat)
• kumbang - ambuwang and uwang (PMP *abuqaŋ)
• kumis - gumi (PMP *gumi, *kumis)
• kumpul (“group; gathering; cluster”) - kumpól (“bunch; cluster”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kumur - mumog (PMP *-muʀ)
• kundur - kundól (borrowed from Malay)
• kunyah - nguyà (PMP *ŋuyaq)
• kurai (“patterns in marble, wood, etc.”) - kulay (“colour”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kurang - kulang (borrowed from Malay)
• kurita (“octopus”) - kurita (“large squid”) and pugita (“octopus”) (PMP *kuʀita)
• kurung - kulóng (PMP *kuruŋ)
• kusut (“tangled”) - kusót and gusót (“crumpled; rumpled; wrinkled”) (borrowed from Malay)
• kutu - kuto (PMP *kutu)
• laba - labâ (borrowed from Sanskrit लाभ (lābhá))
• labah-labah, lelabah - alalawa (PMP *lawaq)
• labi-labi (“soft-shelled river turtle”) - labi-labi (“small freshwater turtle; toad”) (borrowed from Malay)
• ladang (“farmfield; estate”) - larang (“wide and open field”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lagi (“again; more”) - lagì (“always; all the time”) (borrowed from Malay)
• laksa - laksâ (borrowed from Sanskrit लक्ष (lakṣá))
• laksamana - laksamana (borrowed from Sanskrit लक्ष्मण (lakṣmaṇa))
• lampin (“baby diaper; (Indonesia) swathing band”) - lampin (“baby diaper”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lancar - lantsa (borrowed from Malay)
• landas, landasan (“anvil; the permanent way of a railway line”) - landás (“path; trail; pathway; footpath”) (borrowed from Malay)
• landai - laláy (borrowed from Malay)
• langu (“nasty unpleasant taste in the mouth”) - langó (“drunk; intoxicated”) (PMP *laŋu)
• langau (“gadfly; blowfly”) - langaw (“housefly”) (PMP *laŋaw)
• langit - langit (PMP *laŋit)
• langkas (“fiery (of a steed); spirited”) - lakás (“strength; vigor; power; might”) (PMP *lakas, *laŋkas)
• lapah (“slaughtering, skinning; devouring”) - lapa (“butchering; quartering (of animals)”) (PMP *lapaq)
• lapis (“layer; stratum”) - lapis (“stone slab; stile of tiles”) (borrowed from Latin lapis via Portuguese/Spanish)
• lapuk (“mouldy; stale; outdated”) - lapók (“decayed; rotten (of wood, bamboo, cloth, textile, etc.)”) (PMP *lapuk)
• latak - latak (PMP *latak)
• lauk (“anything eaten with rice”) - lahók (“mixture; something added to a mixture; ingredient”) (PMP *lahuk)
• laun (“dragging on”) - laon (“long time”) (PMP *laun)
• laut (“sea”) - laot (“high seas”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lawan - laban (PMP *laban)
• lawi (“curving feather or fin”) - lawí (“long tail feather of a rooster”) (PMP *lawi)
• layar - layag (PMP *layaʀ)
• lebih - labî (PMP *labiq)
• lecak (“moist, sticky mud”) - lusak (“deep, sticky mud; wet, soggy earth”) (PMP *ləcak, *lucak)
• legundi, lenggundi - lagundi (borrowed from Sanskrit निर्गुण्डि (nirguṇḍi))
• léhér - leég (PMP *liqəʀ)
• lelaki, (Indonesian) laki-laki - lalaki (PMP *laki, *lalaki)
• lembah - lambak (“lambák”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lembar - lambál (borrowed from Malay)
• lembut - lambót (borrowed from Malay)
• lénga - lingá (PMP *ləŋa)
• lengkap (“fully equipped”) - langkáp (“included; incorporated”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lengkuas - langkáwas (borrowed from Malay)
• lengkung, lekung (“curve; arc”) - lukóng (“concavity”) (PMP *ləkuŋ, *ləŋkuŋ)
• léngos (“to look the other way; to turn away the face”) - lingos (“act of looking from side to side”) (PMP *liŋus)
• lentik (“a very gentle curve at the tip (admired)”) - lantik (“graceful curve of eyelashes, hips, etc.”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lépa (“plaster; mortar; daub”) - lipà (“asphalt-like soil used to harden the ground floor of houses on stilts”) (borrowed from Sanskrit लेप (lepa))
• lepas - lipás (PMP *ləpas)
• lepas tangan (“flippant; disrespectful”) - lapastangan (“irreverent; disrespectful; discourteous”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lesung - lusóng (PMP *ləsuŋ, *lusuŋ)
• lidah - dilà (PMP *dilaq)
• likas (“winder for new-made thread”) - lingkis (“coiling; tightly bound by something wound around”) (PMP *likəs)
• liku (“bend; angle of road; turning”) - likô (“bend; curve (place)”) (PMP *likuq)
• lima - limá (PMP *lima)
• limas (“dipper for bailing a boat, drawing water, etc.”) - limás (“scooping out water”) (PMP *limas)
• limpa - limpâ (borrowed from Malay)
• lintah - lintâ (PMP *qalimətaq)
• lipas - ipis (PMP *ipəs)
• lolong - alulóng (PMP *aluluŋ)
• lonjak (“gambol; jump about playfully”) - lundag (“jump; leap”) (borrowed from Malay)
• luah (“eject from mouth; spit out”) - luwâ (“ejection from the mouth”) (PMP *luaq)
• lubang (“hole”) - lubang (“uneven ground”) (PMP *lubaŋ)
• lucut (“slip away”) - lusót (“pass through”) (PMP *lucut)
• ludah - durâ (PMP *dulaq, *ludaq)
• lulun - lulón (PMP *lulun)
• lumba-lumba - lumbá-lumbá (borrowed from Malay)
• lumpuh (“paralyzed”) - lumpó (“invalid; crippled; maimed”) (borrowed from Malay)
• lumut - lumot (PMP *lumut)
• lunak (“mellow; soft; fleshy (of fruit)”) - lunák (“ripened on the tree or vine”) (PMP *lunək)
• lunas (“fix, correct a mistake; keel-piece or basic portion of a boat”) - lunas (“correction of a mistake; bottom of a boat; keel of a ship”) (borrowed from Malay)
• luntang (“float”) - lutang (“afloat; floating”) (PMP *lutaŋ)
• mahal (“expensive”) - mahal (“expensive; dear”) (borrowed from Sanskrit महार्घ (mahārgha))
• makan - kain (PMP *kaən)
• malim (“guide; navigating officer”) - malim (“maritime pilot”) (borrowed from Arabic مُعَلِّم (muʕallim))
• mamah - magmamá (PMP *mamaq)
• manah - mana (borrowed from Malay)
• mangga - mangga (borrowed from Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy))
• mangkuk - mangkók (borrowed from Malay)
• masa (“time”) - masa (“time; epoch; season”) (borrowed from Sanskrit मास (māsa))
• masjid (“mosque”) - masjid (“mosque”), mansigit and mansidig (“temple; place of worship”) (borrowed from Arabic مَسْجِد (masjid))
• mata - matá (PMP *mata)
• mati - matay (PMP *matay)
• méja - mesa (borrowed from Latin mēsa via Portuguese/Spanish)
• mengkudu, bengkudu - bangkoro (borrowed from Malay)
• merdéka (“independent”) - maharlika (“nobility; freeman”) (borrowed from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika))
• merpati - kalapati, palapati (borrowed from Sanskrit पारापत (pārāpata))
• minum - inom (PMP *inum)
• misai - misay (borrowed from Tamil மீசை (mīcai))
• muda (“youth”) - mura (“young; immature”) (borrowed from Malay)
• muka - mukhâ (borrowed from Sanskrit मुख (múkha))
• mula - mulâ (borrowed from Sanskrit मूल (mū́la))
• murah - mura (“cheap”) (borrowed from Malay)
• musang (“civet”) - músang (“wild cat”) (borrowed from Malay)
• musim (“season”) - musim (“wind; season”) (borrowed from Arabic مَوْسِم (mawsim))
• mutia, mutiara - mutyâ (borrowed from Sanskrit मुत्य (mutya))
• naga - naga (borrowed from Sanskrit नाग (nāgá))
• nakhoda - anakura or anakula (borrowed from Persian ناخدا (nâxodâ))
• nanah - nanà (PMP *nanaq)
• nangka - langkâ (borrowed from Malay)
• nganga (“agape”) - nganga (“act of opening the mouth”) (PMP *ŋaŋa)
• ngilu - ngiló (PMP *ŋilu)
• ngongoi (“to weep, of a child”) - nguyngoy (“prolonged sulky weeping of a child”) (PMP *ŋuyŋuy)
• nila - nilà (borrowed from Sanskrit नील (nī́la))
• nilau - anilaw (PMP *qanilaw)
• nipah - nipa (PMP *nipaq)
• nipis - nipis (PMP *nipis)
• nunang - anonang (PMP *qanunaŋ)
• -nya - niyá (PMP *ni ia)
• nyamuk - lamók (PMP *lamuk, *ñamuk)
• nyawa (“soul; life”) - ginhawa (“convenience; comfort; ease of living”) (PMP *nihawa)
• nyiur - niyóg (PMP *niuʀ)
• ogah (“shaking for the purpose of loosening”) - uga (“act of shaking”) (borrowed from Malay)
• olak (“a wooden revolving spindle used in weaving”) - ulak (“spool; reel”) (borrowed from Malay)
• olok (“joking; jesting”) - ulok (“silly”) (borrowed from Malay)
• otak - utak (PMP *hutək)
• padang (“field”) - párang (“meadow; prairie”) (PMP *padaŋ)
• padi - palay (PMP *pajay)
• paha - paá (PMP *paqa)
• pahala - palà (borrowed from Sanskrit फल (phála))
• pahat - paet (PMP *paqət)
• pahit - pait (PMP *paqit)
• paksa (“compulsion, force; side, faction”) - paksâ (“subject; topic”) (borowed from Sanskrit पक्ष (pakṣá))
• paku - pakô (borrowed from Malay)
• palu (“strike with the hand or stick; (Indonesia) hammer”) - palò (“strike with the hand or stick”) (PMP *palu)
• panah - panà (PMP *panaq)
• pandai (“expert; clever; craftsman”) - pandáy (“swordmaker; blacksmith”) (borrowed from Sanskrit पाण्ड्य (pāṇḍya))
• pandan - pandán (PMP *paŋdan)
• panggang - panggáng (PMP *paŋgaŋ)
• pangku (“holding to the breast; taking on the lap”) - pangkó (“carried in the arms”) (borrowed from Malay)
• para (“shelf; attic; rack”) - pága (“storage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling”) (PMP *paʀa)
• parang (“a short, heavy, straight-edged knife or machete”) - paláng (“a type of bolo; large knife; butcher's knife”) (borrowed from Malay)
• pari - pagi (PMP *paʀih)
• pasir (“sand”) - pasig (“river that flows to the sea; sandy bank of a river”) (PMP *pasiʀ)
• pasu - paso (borrowed from Latin vāsum via Portuguese/Spanish)
• pauh (“a species of wild mango”) - pahò (“a small, sour species of mango”) (PMP *pahuq)
• payu (“value; price of worth”) - payo (“advice”) (borrowed from Malay)
• payung - payong (borrowed from Malay)
• pecal (“to crush between the fingers; to squeeze with the hand”) - pisíl (“squeeze using the hand”) (PMP *pəcəl)
• pedih - hapdî (PMP *hapəjiq)
• péndék - pandak (borrowed from Malay)
• pengajian (“recitation of Quran; study”) - pangadyî (“prayer”) (borrowed from Malay)
• pengat (“sweetmeat made of fruit cooked in coconut milk and sugar”) - pangát (“fish cooked in water and vinegar and salt added”) (borrowed from Malay)
• penghulu (“chief; leader”) - pangulo (“president”) (PMP *paŋ- + *qulu)
• penuh - punô (PMP *pənuq)
• pepat - pitpít (PMP *pətpət)
• perah - pigâ (PMP *pəʀəq)
• pérak - pilak (borrowed from Malay)
• peras - pigís (PMP *pəʀəs)
• percaya - sampalataya (borrowed from Sanskrit प्रत्यय (pratyaya), सम्प्रत्यय (sampratyaya))
• peribahasa (“proverb”) - palibhasa (“irony; sarcasm; criticism”) (borrowed from Sanskrit परिभाषा (paribhāṣā))
• periksa - paligsá (borrowed from Sanskrit परीक्षा (parīkṣā))
• perisai (“shield”) - palisay (“round buckler”) (borrowed from Tamil பரிசை (paricai))
• periuk - palayók (borrowed from Malay)
• petis (“unspiced syrupy extract made from meat, fish or shrimp”) - patis (“fish sauce”) (borrowed from Malay)
• petola - patola (borrowed from Sanskrit पटोल (paṭola))
• pijar - piralî (borrowed from Malay)
• pilih - pilì (PMP *piliq)
• pinggan - pinggán (borrowed from Persian پنگان (pengân))
• pinjam - hirám (PMP *həzam, *hinzam)
• pintal - pintál (borrowed from Malay)
• pintu - pintô (borrowed from Malay)
• pipih - pipî (borrowed from Malay)
• pipit (“small twittering bird; finch; sparrow”) - pipit (“native species of sparrow”) (PMP *pitpit)
• pisau (“knife”) - pisaw (“long, thin, narrow kind of bolo”) (PMP *pisaw)
• pohon - punò (PMP *puqun)
• pongsu (“knoll; mound; barrow;”) - punsô (“anthill; mound”) (borrowed from Malay)
• puji (“praise; compliment”) - púri (“praise, honor, compliment”) (borrowed from Sanskrit पूजा (pūjā))
• pukat - pukot (PMP *pukət)
• pukul (“strike; hit; knock; strike of the clock”) - pukól (“toss; throw”) (borrowed from Malay)
• puki - pukì (PMP *puki)
• pulih (“return; revival; renewal”) - pauwî (“homeward”), uwî (“return home”); ulî (“again”) (PMP *uliq, *pauliq)
• pulut (“sticky rice”) - pulot (“molasses; honey”) (PMP *pulut)
• pungguk (“bobtailed; stumpy”) - punggok (“tailless; stumpy”) (borrowed from Malay)
• pusat (“center; focus; navel”) - pusod (“navel; hub; middle of the ocean”) (PMP *pusəj)
• putih - putî (PMP *putiq)
• putu - puto (borrowed from Tamil புட்டு (puṭṭu))
• puyu - puyó (borrowed from Malay)
• rabuk (“tinder; mildew”) - gabók (“settled dust; fine, dry earth”) (PMP *ʀabuk)
• rabut (“pulling out; forcibly extracting”) - gabót (“uproot; pull out”) (PMP *ʀabut)
• racun (“poison”) - lason (“poison; venom”) (borrowed from Malay)
• raja - ladyâ, rajah and raha (borrowed from Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan))
• ramas - lamas (borrowed from Malay)
• rambat - lambát (borrowed from Malay)
• rambu - lambó (borrowed from Malay)
• rapat - lapít (PMP *dapət, *rapət)
• rapuh - gapô (PMP *ʀapuq)
• rapus - gapos (PMP *ʀapus)
• rasa - lasa (borrowed from Sanskrit रस (rása))
• ratus (“hundred”) - gatós (“billion”) (PMP *ʀatus)
• rawa (“morass”) - lawà (“pool; lake”) (borrowed from Malay)
• rebah (“collapse”) - gibâ (“destruction; demolition”) (PMP *ʀəbaq)
• rebung - labóng (borrowed from Malay)
• réka - likha (borrowed from Sanskrit रेखा (rekhā))
• rengat (“griping pain; colic”) - inggít (“envy; spite; grudge”) (PMP *-ŋət)
• rentaka (“swivel gun”) - lantaka (“swivel cannon”) (borrowed from Malay)
• ribu - libo (borrowed from Malay)
• riuh (“Timonius flavescens”) - gihò (“Shorea guiso”) (PMP *ʀihuq)
• ru, eru - aguhò (PMP *aʀuhu)
• ruang - guáng (PMP *ʀuqaŋ)
• rugi - lugi (borrowed from Malay)
• rumpun (“cluster; clump”) - lumpón (“small gathering or group”) (borrowed from Malay)
• rungut (“mumble; complain”) - ungót (“whine”) (PMP *-ŋut)
• rupa (“appearance”) - lupa (“land; appearance”) (borrowed from Sanskrit रूप (rūpá))
• rusa - usá (PMP *uʀsa)
• sabit - sabit (PMP *saqəbit)
• sabung - sabong (borrowed from Malay)
• sabur - sabóg (PMP *sabuʀ)
• saga (“jequirity”) - sagà (“rosary pea”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sagu - sagó (PMP *sagu)
• sakit - sakít (PMP *sakit)
• saksi - saksi (borrowed from Sanskrit साक्षिन् (sākṣin))
• saku - sako (borrowed from Latin saccus via Portuguese/Spanish)
• salah - sala (PMP *salaq)
• salang - sáhing (PMP *saləŋ)
• salin - salin (borrowed from Malay)
• salur (“water conduit”) - salog (“pool or puddle of water after heavy rain”) (PMP *saluʀ)
• sama - sama (PMP *sama)
• sambut - sambot (borrowed from Malay)
• sampai (“hanging loosely”) - sampay (“clothes hanging on a line”) (PMP *sampay)
• sampan - sampán (borrowed from Chinese 舢板 (shānbǎn))
• sandar (“lean on; depend on”) - salig (“based on”), sumandig (“recline”), and sandál (“leaning on”) (PMP *sadəʀ, *sandəʀ; Tagalog sandal is borrowed from Malay)
• sangga (“projecting guard or support; holder; catch”) - sangga (“protective obstruction (to prevent falling off or being hit)”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sangkut (“entangled; caught up”) - sangkot (“involvement”) (borrowed from Malay)
• santan - santán (borrowed from Sanskrit सार (sāra) via Javanese santĕn)
• saput (“a thin fleecy or cloth-like covering”) - sapot (“shroud”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sarat (“heavily laden; of full burden”) - sagád (“reaching, touching down to the bottom”) (PMP *saʀad)
• sarung - salong (borrowed from Malay)
• sasak (“wattle; plait work of lath”) - sasag (“finely stripped, woven, split bamboo (used for walls, floors, etc. in small houses)”) (borrowed from Malay?)
• sauh (“anchor”) - saó (“mooring cable or chains”) (PMP *sauq)
• sawa - sawá (PMP *sawa)
• sawan (“epilepsy; convulsive fits”) - sawan (“dizziness; vertigo”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sawar (“barrier; obstruction”) - sabid (“hindrance; obstacle”) (PMP *sabəD)
• sayang - sayang (borrowed from Malay)
• sebu - subo (PMP *səbuh)
• sedap - saráp (borrowed from Malay)
• sedia (“ready”), saja (“intentional”) - sadya (“intentional; made-to-order”) (borrowed from Sanskrit साध्य (sādhyá))
• segera - siglá (borrowed from Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá))
• sekali - sakalì (borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kālá) via Malay)
• selamat (“safe; safety”) - salamat (“thank you”) (borrowed from Arabic سَلَامَة (salāma))
• selambau (“a Borneo form of net-fishing”) - salambaw (“a kind of fishnet”) (borrowed from Malay)
• selampai (“any cloth or towel slung loosely over the shoulder”) - salampay (“neckerchief; muffler; light scarf worn round the neck”) (borrowed from Malay)
• selasih - sulasi (borrowed from Sanskrit तुलसी (tulasī))
• selatan (“south”) - salatan (“southwest”) (borrowed from Malay)
• seluar (“pants; trousers”) - salawál (“underpants; pre-colonial dhoti-like garment”) (borrowed from Persian شلوار (šalvâr))
• sementara - samantala (borrowed from Sanskrit समान्तर (samāntara))
• sembah - simbá and sambá (borrowed from Old Javanese sĕmbah)
• sembung - sambóng (borrowed from Malay)
• senduk (“ladle”), (Indonesian) sendok (“spoon”) - sandók (“ladle”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sengit (“pungent (of a smell that make the nostrils smart)”) - sanghíd (“strong, disagreeable odor”) (PMP *saŋəhit)
• sengkalan (“a wooden slab on which curry-stuff is pounded”) - sangkalan (“chopping block; chopping board”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sengkang - sikang (PMP *-kaŋ)
• senjata - sandata (borrowed from Sanskrit संयत्त (saṃyatta))
• sentak - sintak (borrowed from Malay)
• sentul - santól (borrowed from Malay)
• sepah (“chew betel leaf; betel quid; scattered”) - sapà (“chewed betel pepper”) (PMP *səpaq; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan sapa)
• sepak (“backhand slap”) - sapak (“slap”) (PMP *sapak)
• sépak (“striking with the leg; kicking out; (Indonesia) forward or sideward kick”) - sipà (“kick; native game using a rattan ball”) (borrowed from Malay)
• sepuluh - sampû (PMP *sapuluq, *saŋapuluq)
• serambi (“verandah; porch”) - sulambi (“eaves; the lower projecting edge of a roof; small annex to a house”) (borrowed from Malay)
• serampang - salapáng (borrowed from Malay)
• serbat (“cooling drink”) - salabát (“ginger tea”) (borrowed from Arabic شَرْبَة (šarba))
• serkap (“conical fish-trap”) - salakab (“basket-shaped fish trap”) (borrowed from Malay)
• seru - sigáw (PMP *səʀaw)
• sesak - siksík (PMP *səksək)
• sesal - sisi (PMP *səlsəl)
• sesap (“lapping up water (of animals)”) - sabsab (“voracious and noisy eating peculiar to hogs, dogs, etc.”) (PMP *sabsab)
• siak (“mosque caretaker”) - siyak (“Muslim cleric”) (borrowed from Arabic شَيْخ (šayḵ))
• siasat - siyasat (borrowed from Arabic سِيَاسَة (siyāsa))
• sigai (“a shellfish with a star-like shell”) - sigay (“cowrie shell; cowry”) (borrowed from Malay)
• siku - siko (PMP *siku)
• silau - silaw (PMP *silaw)
• simpan - simpán (borrowed from Malay)
• sinar - sinag (PMP *sinaʀ)
• singgang (“fish stewed in a sauce flavored with salty and sour ingredients”) - sigáng (“anything being cooked in a pot or in any cooking utensil”) (PMP *sigaŋ)
• sipat (“measure; a ruled or marked line”) - sipat (“visual checking of levelness, alignment, or straightness”) (borrowed from Malay)
• songsong - sungsong (borrowed from Malay)
• sorong - sulong (borrowed from Malay)
• subuk - subok (borrowed from Malay)
• sudi - suri (borrowed from Sanskrit शुद्धि (śúddhi))
• sukat - sukat (borrowed from Malay)
• sulam - sulam (borrowed from Malay)
• suluh - sulô (PMP *suluq)
• sumpah - sumpâ (borrowed from Malay)
• sumpit - sumpít (borrowed from Malay)
• sunat (“circumcision”) - sunat (“excision of the clitoris”) (borrowed from Arabic سُنَّة (sunna))
• sungut, sesungut - sungot (borrowed from Malay)
• surat (“document; letter”) - sugat (“wound”), sulat (“letter; writing”) (PMP *suʀat; Tagalog sulat is borrowed from Malay)
• suruh (“order; command; instruct”) - sugò (“delegate; envoy”) (PMP *suʀuq)
• susu (“milk; breast”) - suso (“breast”) (PMP *susu)
• susun (“piled on; in layer”) - susón (“underlayer; reinforcing layer”) (PMP *susun)
• sutera - sutlâ (borrowed from Sanskrit सूत्र (sū́tra))
• tabik - batì (borrowed from Sanskrit क्षन्तब्य (kṣantabya))
• tahan - taan (PMP *taqan)
• tahi - tae (PMP *taqi)
• tahun - taón (PMP *taqun)
• tajam - talím (PMP *tazəm)
• takar - takal (borrowed from Malay)
• taksir (“neglect”) - taksil (“traitor; idiot”) (borrowed from Arabic تَقْصِير (taqṣīr))
• takut - takot (PMP *takut)
• tali - talì (PMP *talih)
• tambak - tambák (PMP *tambak)
• tamban - tambán (borrowed from Malay)
• tambun - tabon (PMP *tabun)
• tampak - tampák (borrowed from Malay)
• tampal - tapal (PMP *tapal)
• tampar - tampál (borrowed from Malay)
• tampas - tapas (PMP *tapas)
• tanam - taním (PMP *tanəm)
• tanda - tandâ (borrowed from Malay)
• tangan (“hand”) - tangan (“holding of something in one's hand”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tanggal - tanggál (borrowed from Malay)
• tanggap (“perceptive”) - tanggáp (“accept; admit; recognize”) (PMP *taŋgap)
• tangis - tangis (PMP *taŋis)
• tanjak (“projecting obliquely upwards”) - tarík (“steepness”) (PMP *tazək)
• tapa-tapa (“pieces of fish sliced very thin, spiced, salted and dried in the sun”) - tapa (“jerked meat”) (PMP *tapa)
• tapai (“yeast; leavened bread; fermented drink; fermented mixture made of rice and yeast”) - tapay (“dough”) (PMP *tapay)
• tapak - tapak (PMP *tapak)
• tapih (“long cloth used by women”) - tapî (“apron; any piece of cloth used by women to cover or protect the body”) (PMP *tapiq)
• tarah (“hew with an adze”) - tagâ (“hacking with a large knife, bolo, cutlass, etc.”) (PMP *taʀaq)
• taruh (“put; place”) - tagò (“keep; store”) (PMP *taʀuq)
• tarum - tayom (PMP *taʀum; Tagalog is borrowed from Kapampangan tayum)
• tasik (“lake”) - tasik (“brine; saltwater filtered through sand in the process of saltmaking”) (PMP *tasik)
• tatal - tatal (borrowed from Malay)
• taucu, (Indonesian) taoco - totso (borrowed from Chinese 豆醬／豆酱 (dòujiàng))
• taugé, (Indonesian) taogé - toge (borrowed from Chinese 豆芽 (dòuyá))
• tauhu, (Indonesian) tahu - taho (borrowed from Chinese 豆腐)
• tawa (“laughter”) - tawa (“laughing; laughter”) (PMP *tawa)
• tawan (“captivate, capture”) - taban (“held or grasped to maintain equilibrium or to avoid falling”) (PMP *taban)
• tawar (“bargaining”) - tawad (“bargain; discount; bargaining”) (PMP *tawaD)
• tawas - tawas (borrowed from Malay)
• tebas (“cutting down small plants”) - tabás (“cutting down of excessive growth of grass, weeds, etc.”) (PMP *tabas)
• tebu - tubó (PMP *təbuh)
• tebus - tubós (PMP *təbus)
• teguk (“gulp”) - tagok and tigók (“sound produced in the throat when swallowing”) (PMP *təguk)
• tekan - tikín (PMP *təkən)
• tekup (“covering with the hand”) - taklób (“cover; covering”) (PMP *takəlub)
• teladan - tulad (borrowed from Sanskrit तुला (tulā́))
• telaga (“mere; tarp”) - talagà (“spring; well”) (borrowed from Sanskrit तलक (talaka))
• telap (“permeable”) - taláb (“potently effective; effectively cutting through”) (PMP *talab)
• telinga - taingá (PMP *taliŋa)
• telur - itlóg (PMP *qatəluʀ, *qitəluʀ)
• tembaga (“brass; copper”) - tumbaga (“copper and gold alloy”) (borrowed from Sanskrit ताम्रक (tāmraka))
• témpang (“limping; lame”) - timpang (“bow-legged”) (PMP *timpaŋ)
• tempayan (“water jar”) - tapayan (“large clay jar”) (PMP *tapay-an)
• tempias - ampiyas (borrowed from Malay)
• tenang - tining (PMP *tənəŋ)
• tengadah - tingalâ (PMP *tiŋadaq)
• tengah - gitnâ (PMP *təŋaq)
• tengah hari - tanghalì (borrowed from Malay)
• tenggiri, tengiri - tanigi (PMP *taŋiʀi, *taŋgiʀi)
• tengkolok (“Malay headgear”) - tangkulok (“wide-brimmed hat”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tenung (“gaze; foretell”) - tanóng (“question; ask”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tepat (“accurate; fulfill a promise”) - tapát (“direct; truthful”) and tupád (“fulfilling a promise, duty, etc.”) (borrowed from Malay)
• teras - tigás (PMP *təʀas)
• terbalik - tumbalik (PMP *balik)
• teriak - iyák (PMP *iak)
• terima (“accept; receive; acknowledge”) - talima (“compliance; obedience”) (borrowed from Malay)
• terjun - talón (borrowed from Malay)
• terung - talóng (borrowed from Malay)
• terus - tagós (PMP *taʀus)
• tetas (“slitting open; ripping up”) - tastas (“rip; a seam burst in a garment; unstitched”) and tistis (“surgery; procedure”) (PMP *tastas, *təstəs)
• tian (“uterus”) - tiyán (“belly; abdomen”) (PMP *tian)
• tidur - tulog (PMP *tiduʀ, *tuduʀ)
• timah - tinggâ (PMP *timəʀah)
• timba - timbâ (borrowed from Malay)
• timbang - timbáng (PMP *timbaŋ)
• timbau - timbáw (PMP *timbaw)
• timbul - timból (borrowed from Malay)
• timbun - timbón (PMP *timbun)
• timur (“east”) - timog (“south”) (PMP *timuʀ)
• tindas (“oppress; suppress; crack a flea on thumbnail”) - tirís (“crushing lice between thumbnails”) (PMP *tədəs)
• tiris (“oozing through; dripping”) - tigis (“pouring liquid”) (PMP *tiʀis)
• tirus (“acute; thin and tapering to a point”) - tilos (“sharp point; sharpness at the pointed end”) (borrowed from Malay)
• titi - taytáy (PMP *taytay)
• titis - titís (PMP *titis)
• tocang - tutsang (borrowed from Chinese 頭鬃／头鬃)
• tolak - tulak (PMP *tulak)
• tolong - tulong (PMP *tuluŋ)
• tombong (“spherical lump of any sort”) - tumbong (“inner apple formation or kernel of a coconut”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tompok (“small heap; rounded mass”) - tumpók (“heap; mound”) (PMP *tumpuk)
• tongkat - tungkod and tukod (PMP *tukəd)
• toréh (“incise; tap”) - tulì (“circumcision”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tuah (“luck”) - tuwâ (“joy; happiness; gladness”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tuas (“lever”) - tuwas (“unbalanced; having one end heavier than the other”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tuba - tuba (PMP *tubah)
• tudung (“cover; lid; veil”) - turong (“native hat made of nipa leaves”) (PMP *tuduŋ)
• tuhut, (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore) lutut - tuhod (PMP *tuhud)
• tukil (“bamboo vessel”) - tukil (“short medium-sized bamboo container”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tuli (“deaf”) - tutulí (“earwax”) (PMP *tuli)
• tuma - tuma (PMP *tumah)
• tumbuh - tubò (PMP *tubuq)
• tumbuk - tumbok (PMP *tumbuk)
• tumpang (“take a lift or ride”) - tumpáng (“carried on the head or shoulders”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tunai (“cash; reality”) - tunay (“true; correct”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tungau (“mite”) - tungáw (“tiny, red insect, like a mite or small tick, whose bite causes itchiness”) (PMP *tuŋaw)
• tungkus (“wrapped (as rice in a banana leaf)”) - tungkos (“something wrapped in cloth, paper, or leaves”) (PMP *tuŋkus)
• tunjuk (“point”) - turò (“teach; point”) (PMP *tuzuq)
• tuntun (“leading by mean of something”) - tuntón (“giving guidance or direction”) (borrowed from Malay)
• turus (“main post or pillar”) - tulos (“a stick or post pointed at one end for driving into the ground”) (borrowed from Malay)
• tusuk (“poking; stabbing; pricking”) - tusok (“piercing; perforation”) (PMP *tusuk)
• tutuk (“knocking slowly”) - tuktók (“knock; knocking”) (PMP *tuktuk)
• tutur (“enunciation; speech”) - tutol (“objection; protest”) (borrowed from Malay)
• uban - uban (PMP *quban)
• ubi (“yam”) - ube (“purple yam”) (PMP *qubi)
• ucap (“utterance”) - usap (“conversation”) (borrowed from Malay)
• udang (“prawn; shrimp; lobster”) - ulang (“lobster”) (PMP *qudaŋ)
• ulam (“raw vegetable to be eaten with rice”) - ulam (“viand (eaten with rice)”) (borrowed from Malay)
• ulat - uhod, uod (PMP *quləj)
• umang-umang - umang (PMP *qumaŋ)
• umbut (“edible palm pith”) - ubod (“core; pith; pulp; gist; kernel”) (PMP *qubuj)
• umpuk - umpok (PMP *umpuk)
• ungkai (“unfasten; uncover”) - hukay (“digging; excavation”) (PMP *hukay)
• upah (“payment for service; wage; tip”) - upa (“pay; salary; rent; lease”) (borrowed from Malay)
• urat (“nerve; vein; sinew; gland; strand of rope”) - ugát (“root; vein; artery; origin”) (PMP *uʀat)
• usir (“expel; chase away”) - usig (“persecution”) (PMP *qusiʀ)
• usung (“carry on a stretcher or hammock”) - usong (“carrying of a load by two or more persons”) (PMP *qusuŋ)
• utus - utós (borrowed from Malay)

Borrowings

Main category: Tagalog terms borrowed from Malay

Tagalog has borrowed terms from Malay, mostly during precolonial times. Most loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Tamil and also Kawi (Old Javanese) came to Tagalog by way of Malay, from its use as a trade language across maritime Southeast Asia. There are also modern borrowings from Malay in an attempt to displace Spanish borrowings in the early 20th century (e.g. gurò from guru, bansá from bangsa; both of Sanskrit origin).

• balani (Malay berani via batubalani, from Malay batu berani). Doublet of bayani (from Kapampangan bayani, from PMP *baʀani)
• bulok (Malay buruk). Doublet of bugok (inherited from PMP *buʀuk)
• dalamhati (Malay dalam hati)
• dalatan (Malay daratan). Doublet of dagat (inherited from PMP *daʀat)
• duryán (Malay durian)
• garing (Malay gading)
• hatol (Malay atur)
• kambal (Malay kembar)
• lagari (Malay gergaji)
• luwalhati (Malay luar hati)
• pandak (Malay pendek)
• pilak (Malay perak)
• rambután (Malay rambutan)
• sandal (Malay sandar). Doublet of salig (inherited from PMP *sadəʀ)
• santol (Malay sentul)
• sulat (Malay surat). Doublet of sugat (inherited from PMP *suʀat)
• tanghali (Malay tengah hari)

False friends

Malay (as well as Indonesian) and Tagalog has many false friends and false cognates.

Malay word	Malay word's English translation	Tagalog translation	Tagalog word	Tagalog word's English translation	Malay translation	Notes
atas	top	ibabaw	atas	order, command	perintah
batas	limit	hanggahan	batas	law; decree	sense "law" hukum (Indonesian) undang-undang (Malay) sense "decree" dekret (Indonesian) dekri (Malay)
batuk	to cough	umubó	batok	nape	tengkuk
belakang	back (of the body)	likód	balakáng	hip	pinggul (Malay); panggul (Indonesian)
bukit	hill	burol	bukid	farm	ladang	Both from Malayo-Polynesian
bunga	flower	bulaklak	bunga	fruit	buah	Both from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
hukum	law	batás	hukóm	judge	hakim	Both from Arabic. Tagalog came via Malay.
kain	cloth; textile; fabric	kayo; tela	kain	to eat	makan	Malay cognate with Ilocano kain.
lalu	put through; done; past	lipas	lalò	more; increasingly; especially	semakin; terutamanya	Tagalog probably borrowed from Malay.
langka	(Indonesian) scarce; seldom; rare	madalang	langkâ	jackfruit	nangka
lipas	cockroach	ipis	lipás	passing of time	lepas	Both from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
pagi	morning	umaga	pagi	stingray	ikan pari
pulut	sticky rice	malagkít	pulót	molasses; honey	sense "molasses (US); treacle (UK)" gula tetes (Indonesian) molase (Malay) sense "honey" madu
sampah	discarded items of no use; garbage	basura	sampá	going up; climb	panjat
sampai	until; to arrive	hanggang; umabot	sampáy	hanging (of clothes)	jemur; ampai
sanggul	dressed hair; coiffure	pusód	sanggól	baby	bayi	Malay cognate with Kapampangan sanggul.
sangkut	catching on; holding up	[Term?]	sangkót	implication; involvement (noun); involved (adjective)	penglibatan (noun); terlibat (adjective)	Both from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
sendok	(Indonesian) spoon	kutsara	sandok	ladle	senduk (Malay); sendok besar (Indonesian)	Malay and Tagalog share meaning.
tampal, tempel (Indonesian)	patch; paste	tapal; dikít	tampál	slap	tampar; lempang	Both from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Language relations

Ancient Greek–English · Cebuano–Hiligaynon · Cebuano–Tagalog · Cebuano–Waray-Waray · Chavacano–Spanish · English–Esperanto · English–French · Esperanto–French · Esperanto–German · French–Italian · Indonesian–Malay · Kapampangan–Tagalog · Malay–Tagalog · Spanish–Tagalog