dis-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dis"

English

Alternative forms

di-, dif-

Etymology

From Middle English dis-, borrowed from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɪs/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɪs
Homophones: dis, diss

Prefix

dis-

Not, the reverse of. (Especially forming words with a negative connotation)
Synonyms: un-, non-, de-, in-, an-, a-

‎dis- + ‎agree → ‎disagree

‎dis- + ‎connect → ‎disconnect

‎dis- + ‎satisfied → ‎dissatisfied

‎dis- + ‎interested → ‎disinterested

‎dis- + ‎honour → ‎dishonour
Expressing separation or removal.
‎dis- + ‎card → ‎discard (“to throw out a card”)

‎dis- + ‎bar → ‎disbar (“to expel from the bar”)

‎dis- + ‎franchise → ‎disfranchise (“to remove one's franchise, to prevent from voting”)
Used as an intensifier.
‎dis- + ‎embowel → ‎disembowel

‎dis- + ‎annul → ‎disannul (“to annul”)
Alternative form of dys- (“incorrect”)
‎dis- + ‎function → ‎disfunction

Usage notes

When attached to a verbal root, prefixes often change the first vowel (whether initial or preceded by a consonant/consonant cluster) of that verb. These phonological changes took place in Latin and usually do not apply to words created (as in New Latin) from Latin components since Latin became a 'dead' language. Note: the combination of prefix and following vowel did not always yield the same change. Also, these changes in vowels are not necessarily particular to being prefixed with dis- (i.e. other prefixes sometimes cause the same vowel change- see con-, ex-).

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with dis-

Translations

NOTE: Words using the prefix dis- do not necessarily use the prefixes given here when translated. See individual words for more accurate translations.

reversal or removal

Armenian: ապ- (ap-)
Catalan: des- (ca)
French: dé- (fr)
Galician: des- (gl)
Georgian: please add this translation if you can
German: ent- (de)
Greek: απο- (el) (apo-)
Hungarian: el- (hu), le- (hu), ki- (hu)
Ido: des-
Indonesian: dis-
Malay: nyah- (ms)
Middle English: dis-, de-
Polish: de- (pl), dez-, roz- (pl), od- (pl)
Portuguese: des- (pt), dis- (pt)
Russian: без(ъ)- (ru) (bez(ʺ)-), бес(ъ)- (ru) (bes(ʺ)-), не- (ru) (ne-), дис- (ru) (dis-), де- (ru) (de-)
Scottish Gaelic: di-, eas-
Spanish: des- (es), dis- (es)

apart

Dutch: ont- (nl)
French: dé- (fr)
Georgian: please add this translation if you can
German: ent- (de)
Greek: απο- (el) (apo-)
Hungarian: szét- (hu)
Ido: dis-
Indonesian: dis-
Russian: от(ъ)- (ru) (ot(ʺ)-), с(ъ)- (ru) (s(ʺ)-)

References

“dis-”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “dis-”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

Anagrams

IDs, SDI, sid, I-Ds, ISD, DSI, IDS, ids, sid', Sid, SID, I.D.s

Catalan

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-).

Prefix

dis-

dys- (bad)
disfàsia ― dysphasia

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

Prefix

dis-

indicates negation
‎dis- + ‎sort (“luck”) → ‎dissort (“misfortune”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms prefixed with dis-

Danish

Etymology

From Latin dis-.

Prefix

dis-

dis-

References

“dis-” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology

Ultimately from Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɪs/
Audio: (file)

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Dutch terms prefixed with dis-

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)
IPA^(key): /dis/

Prefix

dis-

shows separation, dissemination, e.g. semi (“sow”) > dissemi (“disseminate”) ; ŝiri (“tear”) > disŝiri (“tear to pieces”).

Derived terms

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited dé-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis/

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Derived terms

French terms prefixed with dis-

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. See also s-.

Prefix

dis-

dis-
‎dis- + ‎sglonfâ (“to inflate”) → ‎disglonfâ (“to deflate”)

‎dis- + ‎florî (“to bloom”) → ‎disflorî (“to wither”)
as intensifier
‎dis- + ‎sfidâ (“to challenge”) → ‎disfidâ (“to compete”)

‎dis- + ‎scuvierzi (“to discover, to uncover”) → ‎discuvierzi (“to find out, to unveil”)

Derived terms

Friulian terms prefixed with dis-

discjantâ

discuvierzi

disleâ

Gothic

Romanization

dis-

Romanization of 𐌳𐌹𐍃-

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from Esperanto dis-, from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

Prefix

dis-

shows separation or dissemination

Derived terms

Ido terms prefixed with dis-

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch dis-, from Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [dɪs]
Hyphenation: dis

Prefix

dis-

dis- (“reversal, removal; apart”)

Derived terms

Indonesian terms prefixed with dis-

disabilitas

diskualifikasi

Irish

Prefix

dis-

Alternative form of dios-

Mutation

Mutated forms of *dis-*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
dis-	dhis-	ndis-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Italian

Etymology

From Latin dis-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. See also s-.

Prefix

dis-

dis-
‎dis- + ‎fare (“do”) → ‎disfare (“undo”)

‎dis- + ‎organizzare (“organize”) → ‎disorganizzare (“disorganize”)

Derived terms

Italian terms prefixed with dis-

Latin

Alternative forms

dī-
dif-

Etymology

Seemingly a mix of Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”), Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two”) (doublet of bi-) and Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice, in two”) (doublet of bis), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”). De Vaan proposes that either Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”) was reformed to Proto-Italic *dis- by analogy with Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two”), or that *dwis- was changed to *dis- by dissimilation before roots starting with *w.^[1] Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-), Ancient Greek διά (diá), Ancient Greek δίς (dís), Sanskrit द्विस् (dvis).

Prefix

dis-

asunder, apart, in two
dīmittō ― dismiss, disband

discēdō ― part, separate
reversal, removal
dissimulō ― disguise, conceal
utterly, exceedingly
differtus ― stuffed full

Usage notes

Before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, sc, sp, st and v, the prefix becomes dī-.
Before f, the prefix becomes dif-.
Before a consonantal i, the prefix may become dī- or remain as dis-.
Before a vowel or h, the prefix becomes dir- in the two verbs diribeō and dirimō, which arose early enough to be subject to rhotacism, but from Classical Latin onwards, dis- is used (see, for example, dishiascō in Cato).

Derived terms

Latin terms prefixed with dis-

Related terms

bis
duo

Descendants

Catalan: des-; → dis-
→ English: dis-
- ⇒ English: disrespect, disparage
  - ⇒ English: diss
    - → Chinese: diss
    - → Dutch: diss, dissen
    - → German: dissen
    - → Polish: diss
    - → Swedish: diss
→ Esperanto: dis-
Franco-Provençal: dè-
French: dé-, dés-; → dis-
Friulian: dis-
→ Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-)
Italian: dis-, s-
Norman: des-
Occitan: des-
Portuguese: des-; → dis-
Romanian: des-, dez-
Sicilian: sdi-, s-
Spanish: des-; → dis-

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “dis-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 171-172

Middle English

Alternative forms

des-, dys-

Etymology

Borrowed from Old French des- and its source Latin dis-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dis-/, /dɛs-/

Prefix

dis-

Forms words denoting reversal or removal; dis-, de-.
Synonym: de-
Intensifies words with a negative connotation; dis-, de-.
Synonym: de-

Usage notes

Sometimes used interchangeably with de-; see that entry for more.

Derived terms

Middle English terms prefixed with dis-

Descendants

English: dis- (obsolete des-)

References

“des-, pref.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
“dis-, pref.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒis/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒiʃ/

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

Prefix

dis-

dis- (indicates separation)

Derived terms

Portuguese terms prefixed with dis-

Etymology 2

Borrowed from New Latin dys-, from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-, “bad, hard”).

Alternative forms

dys- (obsolete)

Prefix

dis-

(medicine) dys- (forms the names of conditions characterised by difficult or inadequate function)
dys- (bad or wrong)

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin dis-. Compare the inherited des-.

Prefix

dis-

dis-

Derived terms

Spanish terms prefixed with dis-

Welsh

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dɪs/

Prefix

dis-

intensifying prefix
‎dis- + ‎taw (“quiet, silent”) → ‎distaw (“silent, noiseless”)

‎dis- + ‎pwyll (“consideration”) → ‎disbwyll (“discretion, prudence”)
negative prefix
Synonyms: af-, an-, di-

‎dis- + ‎cloff (“lame”) → ‎disgloff (“sure footed, agile”)

Derived terms

Welsh terms prefixed with dis-

Mutation

Mutated forms of *dis-*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
dis-	ddis-	nis-	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “dis-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 171-172

[1]

dis-

English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Translations

See also

See also

References

Anagrams

Catalan

Etymology 1

Prefix

Etymology 2

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Danish

Etymology

Prefix

See also

References

Dutch

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Friulian

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Gothic

Romanization

Ido

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Indonesian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Irish

Prefix

Mutation

Italian

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

See also

Latin

Alternative forms

Etymology

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Further reading

Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms