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User:Bezimenen/Questionable roots in pIE

< User:Bezimenen

*bʰedʰ- edit

Root edit

*bʰedʰ-

  1. to press, to distress

Possible descendants edit

  • Proto-Germanic: *badōną (“to press, to distress”)[1]
  • Tocharian B: pät- (“to dam, to check”)[2] (alternatively from *pet-)
  • Sanskrit: बाधते (bādhate, “to press”) [presumably o-grade enlongated by Brugmann's law] (likely from *bʰeh₁dʰ-, e.g. by LIV)
  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*badōjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
  2. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999) “pät-”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 369

Reason edit

Inconclusive evidence. Alternative etymologies for possible descendants. Overlapping with Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂- (“to dig, to stab, to pierce”).

*bʰeng- edit

Root edit

*bʰeng-

  1. to clump, to gather ?
  2. to smash, to break ?

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bankan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 51
  2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “banga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
  3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bengti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87

Reason edit

Uncertain connection between possible descendants. Some of the proposed descendants may be fossilized ne-inflex of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”). The circumflex in Balto-Slavic requires explanation (*banˀgas is only based on the broken tone in dial. Latvian).

Formally, Ancient Greek φέγγος (phéngos, “light, splendour”) resembles this root, however, semantically it is unsound.

*bʰewd- edit

Root edit

*bʰewd-[1] (limited to North-Western IE[2])

  1. to beat, to push

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰeu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 68
  2. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 282
  3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bautan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 56
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bibud-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 65
  5. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bowdi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 72

Reason edit

Seems to be an expressive formation. Compare Proto-Slavic *butati (“to shove”), Proto-Italic *fūtō (> Latin cōnfūtō, refūtō).

Old Armenian բութ (butʻ) is sometimes compared to Proto-Germanic: *buttaz.

*bʰewǵ- edit

Root edit

*bʰewǵ- or *bʰewHǵ-

  1. to inflate, to bulk?

Possible descendants edit

  • Proto-Indo-European: *bʰuǵ- (questionable, semantically dubious, possibly pre-IE)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:[1]
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *buza (“cheek”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *buzdro (“fat, flesh”) (+*-rъ)
  • Proto-Germanic: *būkaz (“belly, body”)[2] (possibly)
  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “buožė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 105
  2. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*būkaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 64

Reason edit

No semantic basis for reconstructing a single root. The Slavic data is partially onomatopoeic. The Baltic data could be from Proto-Indo-European *bʰenǵʰ- (“dense, bunched”). Probably various extensions of Proto-Indo-European *bʰewH- (“to blow, to swell”).

Relation to Proto-Germanic *bukjaną (“to bend”), Sanskrit भुजति (bhujati, “to bend”) is semantically unsound.

*bʰerHǵ-/*bʰreh₁ǵ- edit

Root edit

*bʰerHǵ- ~ *bʰreh₁ǵ-

  1. to illuminate

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*barku-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
  2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*berhta-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
  3. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*berxto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 63
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*brězgъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 61
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “brėkšti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99
  6. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brōka- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78

Reason edit

Unexplained metathesis. Evidence for Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁ḱ- also exists: cf. Proto-Slavic *brěskъ, Sanskrit भ्राशते (bhrāśate).

*bʰleyd- edit

Root edit

*bʰleyd-[1]

  1. to burst, to seethe (in Greek)
  2. pale, bleak (only in Germanic and Slavic)

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?bʰlei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 88
  2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*blaita-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 66
  3. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*blaitaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[2], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*blědъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 42
  5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φλιδάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1579

Reason edit

Semantically diverse. No e-grade attested. Reminiscent of Proto-Germanic *blaikaz (“bleak”) (possibly from the same origin as Proto-Slavic *blizъ (“nearby”), Proto-Slavic *blěskъ (“splendor, shine”)) and Lithuanian blaĩvas (“whitish, sober”). Possibly an extension of Proto-Indo-European *bʰley- (“to emit, to gleam”) - cf. Proto-Germanic *blīwą (“hue”), Proto-Germanic *blīþiz (“pleasant, blithe”) (⇒ *blīþijaną (“to please, to delight”))

*bʰreydʰ- edit

Root edit

*bʰreydʰ-

  1. broad

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*braida-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 73
  2. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*braiðaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[3], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 53

Reason edit

Limited to Germanic. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *bʰroyH-tós via Verner law (cf. Proto-Slavic *bridъkъ (“sharp, abrupt”)).

Relation to Lithuanian braidýti (“to wade”) is superficial. The later is an iterative of Lithuanian brìsti.

*bʰreh₁- edit

Root edit

*bʰreh₁-

Possibly meanings edit

  1. to pant
  2. to breathe

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brēan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 74
  2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*brōan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78

Reason edit

Limited to Germanic. Compare Proto-Slavic *brexati (“to yelp, to sigh, to pant”) (+ Serbo-Croatian бректати), Latvian brēkt (“to cry”) < *bʰrek(s)-.

*gʰeh₁bʰ- edit

Root edit

*gʰeh₁bʰ-[1] or *gʰeh₁b-[2]

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghabh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 407-409
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*GʰeHb-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 195
  3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “habeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 277-278
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gab-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 148-149
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “góbti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
  6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gabati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 159

Reason edit

The Italic data is chaotic (where does -p- in *hēpai come from?). The Balto-Slavic data is not without doubts, either. Derksen sees connection between Lithuanian góbti on the one hand and Lithuanian gebėti (“to be able to”), Lithuanian gabùs (“gifted, clever”) on the other. The later seem to be from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-. Derksen also considers relation to Sanskrit गभस्ति (gabhasti, “hand, ray”), which would require Proto-Indo-European *gʰabʰ-?

LIV derives Polish gabać < Proto-Slavic *gabati from Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-.

There is no consensus about the coda. De Vaan supposes *-bʰ merely because *b is attested rarely in PIE.

*gʰreb-/*gʰrebʰ- edit

Root edit

*gʰreb-[1] or *gʰrebʰ-[2][3]

  1. to grab
  2. to rake, to row, to dig

Descendants of *gʰreb- edit

Descendants of *gʰrebʰ- edit

Undetermined descendants edit

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrebh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 201
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 201
  3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghrebh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 455
  4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gràbiti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 185
  5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “grėbti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “grobti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
  7. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grapp/bōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
  8. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “greboti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
  9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grobъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 190
  10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*graban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
  11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grapp/bōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187
  12. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*graba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 187

Reason edit

Overlapping, mixture of the meanings. Possibly of expressive origin. Indo-Iranian data could reflect both roots, if presumably *gʰreb- was of "h₂e-present type" = *gʰrebh₂-. Relation to *gʰreyb- (“to groope, to get a grip of”) possible.

Hittite forms attested but with varying reflexes.

*(s)kew-/*(s)ḱew- edit

Root edit

*(s)kew(H)- or *(s)ḱew(H)-

Possible meaning edit

  1. to arch, to bow, to bend
  2. to thrust, to shove
  3. to cover, to deck

Possible descendants edit

Bending, arching:

  • Proto-Germanic: *husǭ (“hose”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hūsą (“house”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hudjō (“hut”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skiwô (“sky”)?
  • Proto-Hellenic:
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: cutis (“skin”)

Shoving, shooting:

  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śauˀti (possibly?, semantically not very convincing)
    • Latvian: šaũt, saũt (“to shove, to shoot”)
    • Lithuanian: šáuti (“to shove, to shoot”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *sovati (“to shove, to thrust”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:[1]
    • Arabic: [script needed] (sispata, “to throw”)

Extensions edit

  • *(s)kewd- (“to shoot, to propel, to incite”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kewdʰ- (“to hide”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hūdijaną (“to hide, to conceal”)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: κεύθω (keúthō, “to conceal”)
    • Proto-Italic:
  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “k̑u̯eH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 393

Reason edit

Undetermined quality of the onset (s)k- vs *(s)ḱ-. There is evidence for laryngeal as coda. Semantically heterogenous... See also Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to shoot”).

Most likely different roots with close meaning.

*ḱew- edit

Root edit

*ḱew-

Possibly meaning edit

  1. to howl (→ to swell?; to wheeze?)
  2. appearance
  3. pale, fair, light (skin color)

Possible descendants edit

Appearance:

  • Proto-Germanic: *hiwją (“form, appearance, hue”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: छवि (chavi, “skin, beauty, picture”)?

Howling:

Extensions edit

  1. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*sova”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 461: “f. (b) 'owl'”
  2. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑u̯es-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 341

Reason edit

Sparsely attested. The meaning "owl" could be of onomatopoeic nature: cf. Proto-Germanic *hūwô (“owl”), Proto-Germanic *hūwilōną (“to howl”).

*(s)teyg- edit

Root edit

*(s)teyg-[1]

Possible meaning edit

  1. to carve, to stab
  2. sharp

Possible descendants edit

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*(s)tei̯g-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 593
  2. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “stīgt”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 551
  3. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “stygti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 428
  4. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stekan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476
  5. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stekanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[4], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 373
  6. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stik(k)ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479
  7. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stekkōnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[5], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 374
  8. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stikiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[6], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
  9. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stikōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[7], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
  10. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*stiklaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[8], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
  11. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1405
  12. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnstīgāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305

Reason edit

Possibly of expressive origin, compare similar Proto-Germanic *tīgô (“tick”) (+ *-ǵʰ-), Proto-Germanic *taikijaną (“to point”) (+ *-ḱ/ǵ-), Latin digitus (“toe, finger”) (+ *-ǵ-). Seems to be also synonymous with Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to sting, to plant”) > Latin fīgō, Lithuanian díegti, Lithuanian diêgt, Proto-Slavic *děgati. Tudati-type 0-grade in Germanic, not shared by Sanskrit and Italic. No consensus on the etymology of some forms.

Based on the constructions in Vedic and sporadic forms such as Grk. στίγμα, Germ. *stiklaz, the root (if valid) may be a member of the Caland system[9].

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