砧

See also: 碪

砧 U+7827, 砧 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7827 ← 砦 [U+7826] CJK Unified Ideographs 砨 → [U+7828]

Translingual

Han character

砧 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口卜口 (MRYR), four-corner 1166₀, composition ⿰石占)

Derived characters

• 𬊲

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 828, character 43
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24099
• Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 22
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2423, character 1
• Unihan data for U+7827

Chinese

simp. and trad.		砧
alternative forms		碪／砧 椹

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 砧
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (占) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
頕	*taːm
煔	*ɦlaːm, *hljems, *hl'eːms
炶	*ɦlaːm
詀	*rteːm, *rdeːms, *teːm, *tʰjeb
站	*rteːms
檆	*sreːm
黏	*nem
粘	*nem
枮	*slem, *ʔl'ɯm
霑	*tem
沾	*tem, *teːms, *tʰeːm
覘	*tems, *tʰem
鉆	*tʰem, *ɡrem, *tʰeːb
占	*ʔljem, *tjems
颭	*tjemʔ
佔	*tjems, *teːm
苫	*hljem, *hljems
痁	*hljem, *teːms
蛅	*njem
阽	*lem
敁	*teːm
掂	*tiːm
點	*teːmʔ
玷	*teːmʔ, *teːms
店	*tiːms
坫	*tiːms, *tim
黇	*tʰeːm
扂	*deːmʔ
拈	*neːm
鮎	*neːm
砧	*ʔl'ɯm
笘	*teːb
跕	*teːb, *tʰeːb
貼	*tʰeːb
帖	*tʰeːb
怗	*tʰeːb
呫	*tʰeːb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'ɯm) : semantic 石 + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhēn, zhān (zhen¹, zhan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ, ㄓㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zam¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tiâm
• Eastern Min (BUC): tĭng / dōng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tiam / tim

  (Teochew, Peng'im): diam¹ / diang¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhēn
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhen
    • Wade–Giles: chên¹
    • Yale: jēn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jen
    • Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, colloquial)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhān
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhan
    • Wade–Giles: chan¹
    • Yale: jān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jan
    • Palladius: чжань (čžanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zam¹
    • Yale: jām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tiâm
    • Hakka Romanization System: diam^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: diam¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ti̯am²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: tĭng / dōng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiŋ⁵⁵/, /touŋ³³/

Note:

• tĭng - literary;
• dōng - vernacular.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiam
    • Tâi-lô: tiam
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diafm
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tiam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiam³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tim
    • Tâi-lô: tim
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dym
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tim⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tim³³/

Note:

• tim - literary;
• tiam - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: diam¹ / diang¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tiam / tiang
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiam³³/, /tiaŋ³³/

Note: diang1 - Chenghai.

---

• Middle Chinese: trim

Rime
Character	砧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知林切
Baxter	trim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈjim/
Li Rong	/ȶjəm/
Wang Li	/ȶĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zam1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'ɯm/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	砧
Reading #	1/1
No.	16734
Phonetic component	占
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	碪
Old Chinese	/*ʔl'ɯm/
Notes	同碪見漢賦

Definitions

砧

1. base for beating or chopping
   1. stone base for beating clothes
   2. anvil
   3. base for cutting or lethal sentence
2. base in general
3. (Hakka) to hold one's hands in closed fists and to strike with phalanx

Synonyms

• (Shanghainese) 鐵墩／铁墩

Compounds

• 中間砧木／中间砧木
• 寒砧
• 砧上之肉
• 砧刀
• 砧子 (zhēnzi)
• 砧斧
• 砧木
• 砧杆
• 砧板 (zhēnbǎn)
• 砧杵
• 砧聲／砧声
• 砧鑕／砧锧
• 砧頭／砧头
• 砧骨 (zhēngǔ)
• 稿砧
• 鋼砧／钢砧
• 鐵砧／铁砧 (tiězhēn)

 

Japanese

Kanji

砧

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: ちん (chin)^{←ちむ (timu, historical)}
• Kan-on: ちん (chin)^{←ちむ (timu, historical)}
• Kun: きぬた (kinuta)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
砧
きぬた Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

From 衣板 (kinuita, literally “clothes board”), with elision of the i; see 衣 and 板 for more on the components.

Noun

砧(きぬた) • (kinuta) 

1. a fulling block, a wooden or stone block used to beat fabric smooth as it dried
2. a pillow shaped like a fulling block
3. (after the shape of the mallet used with a fulling block) a long and thin, round glass bottle
4. a Noh prop of bamboo bound into the shape of a fulling block
5. (music) Clipping of 砧拍子 (kinuta-byōshi).

Derived terms

• 砧骨(きぬたこつ) (kinutakotsu)
• 砧草(キヌタソウ) (kinutasō)

Korean

Hanja

砧 • (chim) (hangeul 침, revised chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im, Yale chim)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

砧: Hán Nôm readings: châm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Nôm: châm

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999