荒

See also: 㐬

荒	U+8352, 荒 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8352

← 荑
[U+8351]

CJK Unified Ideographs

荓 →
[U+8353]

荒	U+FAB3, 荒 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FAB3

← 者
[U+FAB2]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

華 →
[U+FAB4]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

荒 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿卜女山 (TYVU), four-corner 4421₁, composition ⿱艹巟)

Derived charactersEdit

慌, 謊

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1031, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30953
Dae Jaweon: page 1490, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3209, character 2
Unihan data for U+8352

Unihan data for U+FAB3

ChineseEdit

trad.		荒
simp. ^#		荒
alternative forms		㐬𮎰𠃤𠯚𦮋

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 荒
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
忙	*maːŋ
芒	maːŋ, maŋ
茫	*maːŋ
恾	*maːŋ
吂	maːŋ, maːŋs
汒	maːŋ, maŋs
朚	maːŋ, hmaːŋ, maŋ, mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙	maːŋ, maŋ
杗	maːŋ, maŋ
荒	hmaːŋ, hmaːŋs
肓	*hmaːŋ
衁	*hmaːŋ
巟	*hmaːŋ
詤	hmaːŋ, hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌	hmaːŋ, hmaːŋʔ
謊	*hmaːŋʔ
喪	smaːŋs, smaːŋ
亡	*maŋ
望	maŋ, maŋs
莣	*maŋ
朢	maŋ, maŋs
鋩	*maŋ
硭	*maŋ
忘	maŋ, maŋs
网	*mlaŋʔ
罔	*mlaŋʔ
蛧	*maŋʔ
網	*mlaŋʔ
輞	*maŋʔ
棢	*maŋʔ
惘	*maŋʔ
菵	*maŋʔ
誷	*maŋʔ
魍	*maŋʔ
妄	*maŋs
盲	*mraːŋ
蝱	*mraːŋ
虻	*mraːŋ
氓	*mraːŋ
甿	*mraːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs): semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 巟 (OC *hmaːŋ). Note: The middle part could be found as 亾 instead of 亡.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The voiceless initial is possibly from the devoicing effect of an early (i.e. Proto-Sino-Tibetan) causative prefix *s- on 亡 (i.e. PST *s-maŋ > *hmaŋ > Middle Chinese hwɑŋ) which was subsequently lost.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huāng (huang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄤ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fong¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): fong¹
Gan (Wiktionary): fong¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fông

(Meixian, Guangdong): fong¹
Jin (Wiktionary): huon¹
Min Bei (KCR): huáng
Min Dong (BUC): huŏng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hong / hng / huiⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): huang¹ / hng¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huang
  - Wade–Giles: huang¹
  - Yale: hwāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huang
  - Palladius: хуан (xuan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xwɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fong¹
  - Yale: fōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fong¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: fong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔŋ³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: fong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fong¹
  - Sinological IPA: /fɔŋ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: huon¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɒ̃¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuaŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huoŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong
  - Tâi-lô: hong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hofng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an): /hɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /hɔŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hng
  - Tâi-lô: hng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hngf
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hŋ̍⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an): /hŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvuy
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huĩ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /huĩ⁵⁵/

Note:

hong - literary;
hng/huiⁿ - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: huang¹ / hng¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huang / hng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /huaŋ³³/, /hŋ³³/

Note:

huang1 - literary;
hng1 - vernacular.

Middle Chinese: /hwɑŋ/, /hwɑŋ^H/

Rime
Character	荒	荒
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	唐 (102)	唐 (102)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	呼光切	呼浪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hwɑŋ/	/hwɑŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷɑŋ/	/hʷɑŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɑŋ/	/xuɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaŋ/	/hwaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/xuɑŋ/	/xuɑŋ^H/
Wang Li	/xuɑŋ/	/xuɑŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xwɑŋ/	/xwɑŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huāng	huàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fong¹	fong³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*hmaːŋ/, /*hmaːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	荒
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huāng
Middle Chinese	‹ xwang ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁaŋ/
English	wasteland; uncultivated land
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	荒	荒
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12649	12659
Phonetic component	亡	亡
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	荒	荒
Old Chinese	/*hmaːŋ/	/*hmaːŋs/