鄉黨

See also: 乡党

Chinese

		country; village	party; association; club party; association; club; society
trad. (鄉黨)		鄉	黨
simp. (乡党)		乡	党

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiāngdǎng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤ ㄉㄤˇ

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiong-tóng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiāngdǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤ ㄉㄤˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siangdǎng
    • Wade–Giles: hsiang¹-tang³
    • Yale: syāng-dǎng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiangdaang
    • Palladius: сяндан (sjandan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiong-tóng
    • Tâi-lô: hiong-tóng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiongdorng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: xjang tangX

Rime
Character	鄉	黨
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	許良切	多朗切
Baxter	xjang	tangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨɐŋ/	/tɑŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɐŋ/	/tɑŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɑŋ/	/tɑŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨaŋ/	/taŋX/
Li Rong	/xiaŋ/	/tɑŋX/
Wang Li	/xĭaŋ/	/tɑŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯aŋ/	/tɑŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiāng	dǎng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng1	dong2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰaŋ  tˤaŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaŋ  taːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鄉	黨
Reading #	1/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiāng	dǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjang ›	‹ tangX ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ/	/*tˁaŋʔ/
English	village; district	500 families; relatives
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鄉	黨
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	13596	11113
Phonetic component	鄉	尚
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	香	黨
Old Chinese	/*qʰaŋ/	/*taːŋʔ/
Notes	甲金文象兩人對食， 爲饗初文

Noun

鄉黨

1. (Classical) local community

   • 孔子於鄉黨，恂恂如也，似不能言者。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     孔子于乡党，恂恂如也，似不能言者。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Kǒngzǐ yú xiāngdǎng, xúnxúnrú yě, sì bùnéngyán zhě. [Pinyin]

     Confucius, in his village, looked simple and sincere, and as if he were not able to speak.

2. (Classical) member of the local community; neighbour

   • 宗族稱孝焉，鄉黨稱弟焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zōngzú chēng xiào yān, xiāngdǎng chēng tì yān. [Pinyin]

     He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbours pronounce to be fraternal.

   • 非所以要譽於鄉黨朋友也 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     非所以要誉于乡党朋友也 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     fēi suǒyǐ yāo yù yú xiāngdǎng péngyǒu yě [Pinyin]

     nor as a ground on which they may seek the praise of their neighbours and friends