靉靆

Chinese

		cloudy; shady
trad. (靉靆)		靉	靆
simp. (叆叇)		叆	叇

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): àidài

  (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ ㄉㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): oi² doi⁶, oi³ doi⁶
• Eastern Min (BUC): ái-dâi

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: àidài
    • Zhuyin: ㄞˋ ㄉㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: àidài
    • Wade–Giles: ai⁴-tai⁴
    • Yale: ài-dài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ayday
    • Palladius: айдай (ajdaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 愛戴／爱戴 靉靆／叆叇

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: oi² doi⁶, oi³ doi⁶
    • Yale: ói doih, oi doih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: oi² doi⁶, oi³ doi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: oi² doi⁶, oi³ doi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔːi̯³⁵ tɔːi̯²²/, /ɔːi̯³³ tɔːi̯²²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ái-dâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ai²¹³⁻⁵³ ^(t-)lɑi²⁴²/

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• Middle Chinese: 'ojH dojH

Rime
Character	靉	靆
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	烏代切	徒耐切
Baxter	'ojH	dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔʌiH/	/dʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔəiH/	/dəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɒiH/	/dɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəjH/	/dəjH/
Li Rong	/ʔᴀiH/	/dᴀiH/
Wang Li	/ɒiH/	/dɒiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔɑ̆iH/	/dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ài	dài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	oi3	doi6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qɯːds  l'ɯːds/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	靉	靆
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	4	7956
Phonetic component	愛	隶
Rime group	隊	隊
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	愛	代
Old Chinese	/*qɯːds/	/*l'ɯːds/
Notes		見楚辭遠遊

Etymology 1

Native reduplicative ideophone.

Adjective

靉靆

1. (literary, ideophonic, of clouds) thick
2. (literary, ideophonic, of the sky) gloomy; dark; cloudy

Derived terms

• 氤氳靉靆／氤氲叆叇

 

Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of a word from an unidentified foreign language (pronounced ai-dai, ai-na, etc.), since the 15^th century CE (Chiu, 1936). Frequently cited etymons are Arabic عُوَيْنات (ʕuwaynāt), الْعُوَيْنات (al-ʕuwaynāt, “spectacles”, literally “little eyes”) and Persian عینک ('eynak, “spectacles”), both derived from Arabic عَيْن (ʕayn, “eye”) (Chiu, 1936; Needham, 1962: 118–121; Hong, 1994; Chiu, 2015).

Semantically, the sense “eyeglasses” was associated with Etymology 1, the interpretation being that eyeglasses are what cover the eyes to allow one to see more clearly, akin to the way clouds cover the sky, according to Liuqing rizha (《留青日札》, 1573 CE) by Ming-dynasty scholar Tian Yiheng.

Noun

靉靆

1. (literary, obsolete) eyeglasses; spectacles

   • 靉靆如大錢……色如雲母。老人目力昏倦，不辨細書，以此掩目。精神不散，筆畫倍明。……出於西域滿利國。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     叆叇如大钱……色如云母。老人目力昏倦，不辨细书，以此掩目。精神不散，笔画倍明。……出于西域满利国。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 16th century, Tian Yiheng (田藝蘅), 《留青日札》

     Àidài rú dàqián...... Sè rú yúnmǔ. Lǎorén mùlì hūnjuàn, bù biàn xìshū, yǐ cǐ yǎn mù. Jīngshén bù sàn, bǐhuà bèi míng....... Chū yú Xīyù Mǎnlìguó. [Pinyin]

     Ai-tai resemble big coins […] and their color is like talc. When eyes of old people are dizzy and tired, and cannot read fine print, they put ai-tai over their eyes, then their concentration will not be dispersed and the strokes of the characters will appear doubly clear. […] Ai-tai come from Malacca in the West [sic].

   alt. forms: 僾逮／𫣊逮, 矮納／矮纳

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 眼鏡 (“eyeglasses”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		靉靆, 眼鏡
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		眼鏡
Mandarin	Beijing	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡子
	Taiwan	眼鏡
	Tianjin	眼鏡兒
	Harbin	眼鏡兒, 鏡子
	Yantai (Muping)	眼鏡
	Jinan	眼鏡子, 鏡子
	Luoyang	眼鏡兒, 二餅兒 derogatory
	Wanrong	眼鏡, 鏡子 dated, 二柄子 derogatory
	Zhengzhou	眼鏡
	Xi'an	眼鏡
	Yinchuan	眼鏡
	Lanzhou	眼鏡子, 鏡子, 二軲轆 humorous
	Xining	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡兒子
	Ürümqi	眼鏡子, 鏡子
	Wuhan	眼鏡, 鏡子 dated, 玻璃 humorous
	Huanggang	眼鏡兒
	Chengdu	眼鏡兒, 眼鏡
	Guiyang	眼鏡
	Guilin	眼鏡
	Liuzhou	眼鏡
	Xuzhou	二餅 humorous
	Yangzhou	眼鏡子
	Nanjing	眼鏡, 二餅 humorous
	Malaysia	眼鏡
	Singapore	眼鏡
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	眼鏡子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	眼鏡, 眼枷
	Hong Kong	眼鏡
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	眼鏡
	Macau	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	眼鏡
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	眼鏡
	Foshan	眼鏡
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	眼鏡
	Foshan (Shunde)	眼鏡
	Foshan (Sanshui)	眼鏡
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	眼鏡
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	眼鏡
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	眼鏡
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	眼鏡
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	眼鏡
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	眼鏡
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	眼鏡
	Taishan	眼鏡
	Kaiping (Chikan)	眼鏡
	Enping (Niujiang)	眼鏡
	Heshan (Yayao)	眼鏡
	Dongguan	眼鏡, 二文錢 dated
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	眼鏡
	Shaoguan	眼鏡
	Yunfu	眼鏡
	Xinyi	眼鏡
	Lianjiang	眼鏡
	Nanning	眼鏡
	Wuzhou	眼鏡
	Yulin	眼鏡
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	眼鏡
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	眼鏡
	Singapore (Guangfu)	眼鏡
Gan	Nanchang	眼鏡子
	Lichuan	眼鏡
	Pingxiang	眼鏡
Hakka	Meixian	目鏡, 眼鏡
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	眼鏡
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	眼鏡
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Changbu)	眼鏡
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	眼鏡
	Conghua (Lütian)	眼鏡
	Jiexi	目鏡
	Luhe	目鏡
	Yudu	眼鏡
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	目鏡
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	眼鏡
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	目鏡
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	眼枷仔
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	眼枷仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	目鏡
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	目鏡
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	目鏡
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	目鏡
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	眼鏡
	Sabah (Longchuan)	眼鏡
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	目鏡
	Singkawang	目鏡
Huizhou	Jixi	眼鏡
Jin	Taiyuan	眼鏡
	Xinzhou	眼鏡, 二餅子 derogatory
	Hohhot	眼鏡兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	眼鏡
	Songxi	眼鏡
	Jianyang	眼鏡
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	眼鏡
	Fuqing	眼鏡
	Gutian	眼鏡
	Ningde	眼鏡
	Zhouning	眼鏡
	Fuding	眼鏡
	Matsu	眼鏡
Southern Min	Xiamen	目鏡
	Quanzhou	目鏡
	Jinjiang	目鏡
	Zhangzhou	目鏡
	Kaohsiung	目鏡
	Yilan	目鏡
	Changhua (Lukang)	目鏡
	Taichung	目鏡
	Taichung (Wuqi)	目鏡
	Tainan	目鏡
	Taitung	目鏡
	Hsinchu	目鏡
	Penghu (Magong)	目鏡
	Penang (Hokkien)	目鏡
	Singapore (Hokkien)	目鏡
	Manila (Hokkien)	目鏡
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	眼鏡
	Chaozhou	目鏡
	Shantou	目鏡
	Shantou (Chenghai)	目鏡
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	目鏡
	Jieyang	目鏡
	Haifeng	目鏡
	Phnom Penh (Teochew)	目鏡
	Singapore (Teochew)	目鏡
	Leizhou	目鏡
	Wenchang	目鏡
	Haikou	目鏡
Puxian Min	Putian	目鏡
	Putian (Donghai)	目鏡
	Putian (Jiangkou)	目鏡
	Putian (Nanri)	目鏡
	Xianyou	目鏡
	Xianyou (Fengting)	目鏡
	Xianyou (Youyang)	目鏡
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	眼鏡
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	眼鏡, 眼枷
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	眼鏡子
Wu	Shanghai	眼鏡, 托力克
	Shanghai (Chongming)	眼鏡
	Suzhou	眼鏡
	Danyang	眼鏡子
	Hangzhou	眼鏡兒
	Ningbo	蔡眼
	Wenzhou	眼鏡, 眼視鏡
	Jinhua	眼鏡
Xiang	Changsha	眼鏡
	Loudi	眼鏡
	Quanzhou	眼鏡

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (靉靆):

• → Japanese: 靉靆(あいたい) (aitai)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
靉	靆
あい Hyōgaiji	たい Hyōgaiji
kan’on

Alternative spelling
靄靆

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 靉靆 (MC 'ojH dojH).

The “eyeglasses” sense is a borrowing of Mandarin 靉靆／叆叇 (àidài).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) あいたい [àítáí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [a̠ita̠i]

Adjective

靉(あい)靆(たい) • (aitai) ^†-tari (adnominal 靉(あい)靆(たい)とした (aitai to shita) or 靉(あい)靆(たい)たる (aitai taru), adverbial 靉(あい)靆(たい)と (aitai to) or 靉(あい)靆(たい)として (aitai to shite))

1. (of clouds) cloudy, dark
2. (of feelings) dark, gloomy

Inflection

Classical conjugation of "靉靆たり" (タリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	靉靆たら	あいたいたら	aitaitara
Continuative (連用形)	靉靆と[1] 靉靆たり[2]	あいたいと あいたいたり	aitaito aitaitari
Terminal (終止形)	靉靆たり	あいたいたり	aitaitari
Attributive (連体形)	靉靆たる	あいたいたる	aitaitaru
Realis (已然形)	靉靆たれ	あいたいたれ	aitaitare
Imperative (命令形)	靉靆たれ	あいたいたれ	aitaitare
Key constructions
Negative	靉靆たらず	あいたいたらず	aitaitarazu
Contrasting conjunction	靉靆たれど	あいたいたれど	aitaitaredo
Causal conjunction	靉靆たれば	あいたいたれば	aitaitareba
Conditional conjunction	靉靆たらば	あいたいたらば	aitaitaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	靉靆たりき	あいたいたりき	aitaitariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	靉靆たりけり	あいたいたりけり	aitaitarikeri
Adverbial	靉靆と	あいたいと	aitaito
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb.

Noun

靉(あい)靆(たい) • (aitai) 

1. eyeglasses, spectacles

   Synonym: 眼鏡 (megane)