modern

English

Etymology

From Middle French moderne, from Late Latin modernus; from Latin modo (“just now”), originally ablative of modus (“measure”); hence, by measure, "just now". See also mode.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈmɒd(ə)n/
• (General American) enPR: mŏdʹərn, IPA^(key): /ˈmɑdɚn/
• Rhymes: -ɒdə(ɹ)n
• Hyphenation: mod‧ern

• Audio (US):

  (file)

Adjective

modern (comparative moderner or more modern, superlative modernest or most modern)

1. Pertaining to a current or recent time and style; not ancient.

   Our online interactive game is a modern approach to teaching about gum disease.  Although it was built in the 1600s, the building still has a very modern look.

   • 1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

     But then I had the flintlock by me for protection. ¶ There were giants in the days when that gun was made; for surely no modern mortal could have held that mass of metal steady to his shoulder. The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window […].

   • 1930 May 31, “The "Overhead Door" for Garage-Factory-Warehouse”, in The Saturday Evening Post‎^[1], volume 202, number 48, page 110:

     The "Overhead Door" is the garage door that can be opened or closed at a touch every day in the year—regardless of the weather. It is the garage door that opens UP Completely Out of the Way. In short, it is the modern door for the modern garage—in step with the times.

   • 2018 June 14, Timothy Snyder, “How Did the Nazis Gain Power in Germany?”, in The New York Times:

     In fact, he had created the conditions for the great horror of modern times.

   • 2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:

     The solitary, lumbering trolls of Scandinavian mythology would sometimes be turned to stone by exposure to sunlight. Barack Obama is hoping that several measures announced on June 4th will have a similarly paralysing effect on their modern incarnation, the patent troll.

2. (history) Pertaining to the modern period (c.1800 to contemporary times), particularly in academic historiography.

Synonyms

• (pertaining to current or recent time): contemporary, current; see also Thesaurus:present

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “pertaining to current or recent time”): ancient, dated, former, historical, old, old-fashioned; see also Thesaurus:past
• (antonym(s) of “pertaining to the modern period”): premodern

Derived terms

• antimodern
• as modern as next week
• early modern
• European early modern human
• late modern
• mid-century modern
• modern age
• modern algebra
• modern antique
• modern apprenticeship
• modern art
• modern as next week
• modern convenience
• modern dance
• modern-day
• Modern English
• moderner
• modern era
• modern first
• Modern French
• modern girl
• modern greats
• Modern Greek
• Modern Hebrew
• modern history
• modern human
• modernise, modernize
• modernism
• modernista
• modernity
• Modern Japanese
• modern jazz
• Modern Korean
• modern language
• modernly
• modernness
• modern pentathlon
• modern physics
• Modern Portuguese
• modern primitive
• modern school
• modern sequence dancing
• Modern Standard Arabic
• modern synthesis
• modern times
• modern up
• non-modern, nonmodern
• post-modern, postmodern
• postpostmodern
• premodern
• prepostmodern
• retro-modern
• secondary modern, secondary modern school
• transmodern
• ultra-modern, ultramodern
• unmodern

Related terms

• moderne
• Modernisme
• modernus

Translations

pertaining to the current time and style

• Arabic: عَصْرِيّ (ʕaṣriyy), حَدِيث (ḥadīṯ), مُعَاصِر (ar) (muʕāṣir)
• Armenian: ժամանակակից (hy) (žamanakakicʻ), արդիական (hy) (ardiakan)
• Asturian: modernu
• Belarusian: суча́сны (sučásny)
• Bengali: আধুনিক (bn) (adhunik)
• Bulgarian: моде́рен (bg) (modéren), съвреме́нен (bg) (sǎvreménen)
• Catalan: modern (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 現代的 / 现代的 (zh) (xiàndài de), 摩登 (zh) (módēng), 近代的 (zh) (jìndài de)

• Czech: moderní (cs), současný (cs)
• Danish: moderne (da)
• Dutch: modern (nl), eigentijds (nl), hedendaags (nl), nieuwerwets (nl)
• Esperanto: moderna
• Finnish: moderni (fi), nykyaikainen (fi), uudenaikainen (fi)
• French: moderne (fr)
• Galician: moderno (gl)
• Georgian: თანამედროვე (tanamedrove)
• German: modern (de)
• Greek: μοντέρνος (el) m (montérnos), σύγχρονος (el) m (sýnchronos)
• Haitian Creole: modèn
• Hebrew: מוֹדֶרְנִי m (moderní)
• Hindi: आधुनिक (hi) (ādhunik)
• Hungarian: modern (hu)
• Icelandic: nútímalegur (is)
• Ido: moderna (io)
• Indonesian: modern (id), mutakhir (id)
• Ingrian: nykyaikain
• Irish: nua-aoiseach, nua-aimseartha
• Italian: moderno (it)
• Japanese: モダンな (ja) (modan na), 近代的 (ja) (きんだいてき, kindaiteki), 現代的 (ja) ((げんだいてき, gendaiteki)
• Kazakh: модернистік (modernistık)
• Khmer: ទំនើប (km) (tumnəəp), សម័យថ្មី (sa’may tməy)
• Korean: 현대의 (ko) (hyeondae'ui)
• Kyrgyz: заманбап (ky) (zamanbap)
• Latvian: moderns (lv)
• Macedonian: модерен (moderen), современ (sovremen)
• Manchu: ᠨᡝᡳ
  ᡶᠣᠩᡤᡝ (nei fongge)
• Norman: modèrne m or f
• Norwegian: moderne (no)
• Odia: ଆଧୁନିକ (ādhunika)
• Old English: niewe, geong (ang)
• Persian: مدرن (fa) (modern), امروزی (fa) (emruzi), زمانوی (zamānavi)
• Plautdietsch: niemootsch
• Polish: nowoczesny (pl), współczesny (pl)
• Portuguese: moderno (pt)
• Russian: совреме́нный (ru) (sovreménnyj)
• Scottish Gaelic: nodha, ùr-nodha
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: модеран, савремен

  Roman: moderan (sh), savremen (sh)

• Slovak: moderný (sk), súčasný (sk)
• Slovene: moderen, sodoben (sl)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: moderny

• Spanish: moderno (es)
• Swedish: modern (sv), nutida (sv)
• Tagalog: moderno
• Tajik: замонавӣ (zamonavi)
• Tatar: замандаш (tt) (zamandaş), чакташ (çaqtaş)
• Telugu: ఆధునికం (te) (ādhunikaṁ)
• Turkish: çağdaş (tr), modern (tr), muasır (tr) (archaic), çağcıl (tr)
• Ukrainian: суча́сний (sučásnyj)
• Vietnamese: hiện đại (vi)
• Volapük: nulädik (vo)
• Yiddish: מאָדערן (modern)
• Zazaki: modern

pertaining to history from c. 1800 onwards

• Danish: moderne (da)
• Finnish: moderni (fi)
• French: moderne (fr)
• Greek: νεώτερος (el) m (neóteros)
• Russian: совреме́нный (ru) (sovreménnyj)
• Swedish: modern (sv)
• Tagalog: moderno

Noun

modern (plural moderns)

1. Someone who lives in modern times.
   • 1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

     The only supernatural agents which can in any manner be allowed to us moderns, are ghosts; but of these I would advise an author to be extremely sparing.

   • 1779, Edward Capell, John Collins, Notes and various readings to Shakespeare:

     What the moderns could mean by their suppression of the final couplet's repeatings, cannot be conceiv'd […]

   • 1930, G. K. Chesterton, The Resurrection of Rome:

     They at least had the immense and mighty imagination of which I speak; they could unthink the past. They could uncreate the Fall. With a reverence which moderns might think impudence, they could uncreate the Creation.

   • 1956, John Albert Wilson, The Culture of Ancient Egypt, page 144:

     Even though we moderns can never crawl inside the skin of the ancient and think and feel as he did […] we must as historians make the attempt.

   • 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 181:

     Yeats understood these ancient mysteries better than any modern.

References

• Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “modern”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
• “modern”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• modern in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
• "modern" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 208.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “modern”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “modern”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• “modern”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

Anagrams

• Morden, Redmon, nerdom, normed, rodmen

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin modernus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central) [muˈðɛrn]
• IPA^(key): (Balearic) [moˈðɛrn]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [moˈðɛɾn]

Adjective

modern (feminine moderna, masculine plural moderns, feminine plural modernes)

1. modern

Derived terms

• grec modern
• modernament
• modernisme
• modernista
• modernitat
• modernitzar
• postmodern

Further reading

• “modern” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “modern”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025.
• “modern” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “modern” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle French moderne, from Latin modernus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /moːˈdɛrn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: mo‧dern
• Rhymes: -ɛrn

Adjective

modern (comparative moderner, superlative modernst)

1. modern
2. (historical, Protestantism) modernist

   Synonym: modernistisch

Declension

Declension of modern
uninflected	modern
inflected	moderne
comparative	moderner
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		modern	moderner	het modernst het modernste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	moderne	modernere	modernste
	n. sing.	modern	moderner	modernste
	plural	moderne	modernere	modernste
definite		moderne	modernere	modernste
partitive		moderns	moderners	—

Derived terms

• hypermodern
• moderniseren
• modernisme, modernist, moderniste
• moderniteit
• postmodern, postmodernisme, postmodernist, postmoderniste

Descendants

• → Indonesian: modern
• → Papiamentu: modern (dated)

German

Etymology 1

From Moder (“moldiness”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmoːdɐn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛʁn

Verb

modern (weak, third-person singular present modert, past tense moderte, past participle gemodert, auxiliary haben)

1. to rot, to molder

Conjugation

Conjugation of modern (weak, auxiliary haben)

infinitive		modern
present participle		modernd
past participle		gemodert
auxiliary		haben
	indicative			subjunctive
	singular	plural		singular	plural
present	ich modre ich modere ich moder	wir modern	i	ich modere ich modre	wir modern
	du moderst	ihr modert		du moderest du modrest	ihr moderet ihr modret
	er modert	sie modern		er modere er modre	sie modern
preterite	ich moderte	wir moderten	ii	ich moderte1	wir moderten1
	du modertest	ihr modertet		du modertest1	ihr modertet1
	er moderte	sie moderten		er moderte1	sie moderten1
imperative	modre (du) moder (du) modere (du)	modert (ihr)

¹Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

Composed forms of modern (weak, auxiliary haben)

perfect
	singular	plural		singular	plural
indicative	ich habe gemodert	wir haben gemodert	subjunctive	ich habe gemodert	wir haben gemodert
	du hast gemodert	ihr habt gemodert		du habest gemodert	ihr habet gemodert
	er hat gemodert	sie haben gemodert		er habe gemodert	sie haben gemodert
pluperfect
indicative	ich hatte gemodert	wir hatten gemodert	subjunctive	ich hätte gemodert	wir hätten gemodert
	du hattest gemodert	ihr hattet gemodert		du hättest gemodert	ihr hättet gemodert
	er hatte gemodert	sie hatten gemodert		er hätte gemodert	sie hätten gemodert
future i
infinitive	modern werden		subjunctive i	ich werde modern	wir werden modern
				du werdest modern	ihr werdet modern
				er werde modern	sie werden modern
indicative	ich werde modern	wir werden modern	subjunctive ii	ich würde modern	wir würden modern
	du wirst modern	ihr werdet modern		du würdest modern	ihr würdet modern
	er wird modern	sie werden modern		er würde modern	sie würden modern
future ii
infinitive	gemodert haben werden		subjunctive i	ich werde gemodert haben	wir werden gemodert haben
				du werdest gemodert haben	ihr werdet gemodert haben
				er werde gemodert haben	sie werden gemodert haben
indicative	ich werde gemodert haben	wir werden gemodert haben	subjunctive ii	ich würde gemodert haben	wir würden gemodert haben
	du wirst gemodert haben	ihr werdet gemodert haben		du würdest gemodert haben	ihr würdet gemodert haben
	er wird gemodert haben	sie werden gemodert haben		er würde gemodert haben	sie würden gemodert haben

Etymology 2

From French moderne, from Latin modernus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /moˈdɛʁn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

modern (strong nominative masculine singular moderner, comparative moderner, superlative am modernsten)

1. modern
2. state-of-the-art

Declension

Positive forms of modern

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist modern	sie ist modern	es ist modern	sie sind modern
strong declension (without article)	nominative	moderner	moderne	modernes	moderne
	genitive	modernen	moderner	modernen	moderner
	dative	modernem	moderner	modernem	modernen
	accusative	modernen	moderne	modernes	moderne
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der moderne	die moderne	das moderne	die modernen
	genitive	des modernen	der modernen	des modernen	der modernen
	dative	dem modernen	der modernen	dem modernen	den modernen
	accusative	den modernen	die moderne	das moderne	die modernen
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein moderner	eine moderne	ein modernes	(keine) modernen
	genitive	eines modernen	einer modernen	eines modernen	(keiner) modernen
	dative	einem modernen	einer modernen	einem modernen	(keinen) modernen
	accusative	einen modernen	eine moderne	ein modernes	(keine) modernen

Comparative forms of modern

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist moderner	sie ist moderner	es ist moderner	sie sind moderner
strong declension (without article)	nominative	modernerer	modernere	moderneres	modernere
	genitive	moderneren	modernerer	moderneren	modernerer
	dative	modernerem	modernerer	modernerem	moderneren
	accusative	moderneren	modernere	moderneres	modernere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der modernere	die modernere	das modernere	die moderneren
	genitive	des moderneren	der moderneren	des moderneren	der moderneren
	dative	dem moderneren	der moderneren	dem moderneren	den moderneren
	accusative	den moderneren	die modernere	das modernere	die moderneren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein modernerer	eine modernere	ein moderneres	(keine) moderneren
	genitive	eines moderneren	einer moderneren	eines moderneren	(keiner) moderneren
	dative	einem moderneren	einer moderneren	einem moderneren	(keinen) moderneren
	accusative	einen moderneren	eine modernere	ein moderneres	(keine) moderneren

Superlative forms of modern

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am modernsten	sie ist am modernsten	es ist am modernsten	sie sind am modernsten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	modernster	modernste	modernstes	modernste
	genitive	modernsten	modernster	modernsten	modernster
	dative	modernstem	modernster	modernstem	modernsten
	accusative	modernsten	modernste	modernstes	modernste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der modernste	die modernste	das modernste	die modernsten
	genitive	des modernsten	der modernsten	des modernsten	der modernsten
	dative	dem modernsten	der modernsten	dem modernsten	den modernsten
	accusative	den modernsten	die modernste	das modernste	die modernsten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein modernster	eine modernste	ein modernstes	(keine) modernsten
	genitive	eines modernsten	einer modernsten	eines modernsten	(keiner) modernsten
	dative	einem modernsten	einer modernsten	einem modernsten	(keinen) modernsten
	accusative	einen modernsten	eine modernste	ein modernstes	(keine) modernsten

Derived terms

• Modernismus

Further reading

• “modern (Verb)” in Duden online
• “modern (Adjektiv)” in Duden online
• “modern” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Hungarian

Etymology

From English modern and German modern, from French moderne, from Medieval Latin modernus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmodɛrn]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: mo‧dern
• Rhymes: -ɛrn

Adjective

modern (comparative modernebb, superlative legmodernebb)

1. modern

   Synonym: korszerű

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	modern	modernek
accusative	modernet	moderneket
dative	modernnek	moderneknek
instrumental	modernnel	modernekkel
causal-final	modernért	modernekért
translative	modernné	modernekké
terminative	modernig	modernekig
essive-formal	modernként	modernekként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	modernben	modernekben
superessive	modernen	moderneken
adessive	modernnél	moderneknél
illative	modernbe	modernekbe
sublative	modernre	modernekre
allative	modernhez	modernekhez
elative	modernből	modernekből
delative	modernről	modernekről
ablative	moderntől	modernektől
non-attributive possessive – singular	moderné	moderneké
non-attributive possessive – plural	modernéi	modernekéi

Further reading

• modern in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Hunsrik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /moˈtɛn/

Adjective

modern

1. modern

Declension

Declension of modern (see also Appendix:Hunsrik adjectives)

		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
weak inflection	nominative	modern	modern	modern	moderne
	accusative	moderne	modern	modern	moderne
	dative	moderne	moderne	moderne	moderne
strong inflection	nominative	moderner	moderne	modernes	moderne
	accusative	moderne	moderne	modernes	moderne
	dative	modernem	moderner	modernem	moderne

Further reading

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• moden (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
• moderen (nonstandard Indonesian)

Etymology

From Dutch modern, from Middle French moderne, from Latin modernus, from modo (“just now”), originally ablative of modus (“measure”); hence, by measure, "just now". Doublet of mode, model, modul, and modus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [moˈdɛr(ə̆)n]
• Hyphenation: mo‧dèrn

Adjective

modèrn

1. modern

   Synonym: mutakhir

Noun

modèrn (plural modern-modern)

1. modern

Derived terms

• kemodernan
• memodernkan
• pemodernan
• termodern

Related terms

• mode
• model
• modernisme
• modernitas
• modis
• modul
• modulasi
• modus

Further reading

• “modern” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from French moderne.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

modern m or n (feminine singular modernă, masculine plural moderni, feminine and neuter plural moderne)

1. modern

Declension

Declension of modern

		singular				plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine		masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative- accusative	indefinite	modern		modernă		moderni	moderne
	definite	modernul		moderna		modernii	modernele
genitive- dative	indefinite	modern		moderne		moderni	moderne
	definite	modernului		modernei		modernilor	modernelor

Related terms

• modernism
• modernist
• moderniza

Further reading

• “modern”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2025

Swedish

Etymology 1

From French moderne, from Late Latin modernus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /muˈdɛrn/, /moˈdɛrn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

modern (comparative modernare, superlative modernast)

1. modern
2. in fashion

Declension

Inflection of modern

Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative1
common singular	modern	modernare	modernast
neuter singular	modernt	modernare	modernast
plural	moderna	modernare	modernast
masculine plural2	moderne	modernare	modernast
Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular3	moderne	modernare	modernaste
all	moderna	modernare	modernaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Antonyms

• omodern

Related terms

• modernisera
• modernism
• modernistisk

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuːdɛrn/

Noun

modern

1. definite singular of moder
2. definite singular of mor

Anagrams

• morden

Turkish

Etymology

From French moderne

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /moˈdæɾn/

Adjective

modern

1. modern

Declension

Predicative forms of modern

present tense
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (I am)	modernim	modern miyim?
sen (you are)	modernsin	modern misin?
o (he/she/it is)	modern / moderndir	modern mi?
biz (we are)	moderniz	modern miyiz?
siz (you are)	modernsiniz	modern misiniz?
onlar (they are)	modern(ler)	modern(ler) mi?
past tense
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (I was)	moderndim	modern miydim?
sen (you were)	moderndin	modern miydin?
o (he/she/it was)	moderndi	modern miydi?
biz (we were)	moderndik	modern miydik?
siz (you were)	moderndiniz	modern miydiniz?
onlar (they were)	moderndiler	modern miydiler?
indirect past
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (I was)	modernmişim	modern miymişim?
sen (you were)	modernmişsin	modern miymişsin?
o (he/she/it was)	modernmiş	modern miymiş?
biz (we were)	modernmişiz	modern miymişiz?
siz (you were)	modernmişsiniz	modern miymişsiniz?
onlar (they were)	modernmişler	modern miymişler?
conditional
	positive declarative	positive interrogative
ben (if I)	modernsem	modern miysem?
sen (if you)	modernsen	modern miysen?
o (if he/she/it)	modernse	modern miyse?
biz (if we)	modernsek	modern miysek?
siz (if you)	modernseniz	modern miyseniz?
onlar (if they)	modernseler	modern miyseler?

For negative forms, use the appropriate form of değil.

Welsh

Etymology

Borrowed from English modern.

Adjective

modern (feminine singular modern, plural modern, equative mor fodern, comparative mwy modern, superlative mwyaf modern)

1. modern

Synonyms

• (recent): cyfoes, diweddar

Derived terms

• modernaidd (“modernistic”, adjective)
• modernedd m (“modernity”)
• moderniad m or f (“modernist”)
• moderniaeth f (“modernism”)
• modernydd m or f (“modernist”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of modern

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
modern	fodern	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “modern”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies