du
Contents
AbinomnEdit
AiwooEdit
DeterminerEdit
du
ReferencesEdit
- Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Alemannic GermanEdit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du
DeclensionEdit
nominative | accusative | dative | possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mer | miin | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich | dir | diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene | Ire | ||
3rd person singular | m | er | in | im | siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es | im | siin | ||
1st person plural | mir | öis | öise | ||
2nd person plural | ir | öi | öie | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene | ire |
AmanabEdit
BambaraEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
du
ReferencesEdit
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
BretonEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
du
NounEdit
du m
MutationEdit
BurushaskiEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
du (plural duwants)
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Sadaf Munshi (2015), “Word Lists”, in Burushaski Language Documentation Project[1]
CornishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
PronunciationEdit
AdjectiveEdit
du
MutationEdit
DanishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Danish thu, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du (objective dig)
See alsoEdit
Number | Person | Inflection | Nominative | Accusative | Possessive | Reflexive | Reflexive possessive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | common | jeg | mig | min | ||
neuter | mit | ||||||
plural | mine | ||||||
Second | common | du | dig | din | |||
neuter | dit | ||||||
plural | dine | ||||||
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | masculine | han | ham | hans | sig | sin | |
feminine | hun | hende | hendes | ||||
common | den | den | dens | ||||
neuter | det | det | dets | sit | |||
plural | sine | ||||||
Plural | First | — | vi | os | vores | ||
common | vor | ||||||
neuter | vort | ||||||
plural | vore | ||||||
Second | – | I | jer | jeres | |||
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | – | de | dem | deres | sig |
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Danish dughæ, from Old Norse duga.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)
Dena'inaEdit
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Dutch du, from Old Dutch thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
PronounEdit
du
ElfdalianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Swedish du.
PronounEdit
du
EsperantoEdit
< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : dua Adverbial : due Multiplier : duobla Fractional : duona | ||
EtymologyEdit
From Latin duo, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
PronunciationEdit
NumeralEdit
du
Derived termsEdit
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old French del.
PronunciationEdit
ContractionEdit
du
Usage notesEdit
- The partitive article signifies "some", but it often is not translated in English, Dutch, or German.
GaikundiEdit
GermanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle High German du, duo, dū, from Old High German dū (akin to Old Saxon thū and English thou), itself from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
PronunciationEdit
- (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /də/
- In colloquial speech in Germany, the /d/ can be lost after a preceding coronal when du is unstressed. This can happen after the second person singular verb ending, even in purposefully enunciated speech.
PronounEdit
du
Usage notesEdit
- Du is the informal second person pronoun. In formal speech, the third person plural Sie (always capitalised) is used instead.
- A general rule of thumb is that du is used to address one's friends, relatives, and those under about 16 years of age. Du is always used to address children and non-human beings.
- Usage also depends on the setting: two unacquainted, middle-aged persons are likely to use du when they meet at social gatherings, but much less so when they happen on each other in the street. People under 30 often use du among each other, but they still use Sie when one of them is at work, e.g. in a shop (some cafés and most pubs are an exception).
- There is also a great deal of (often subtle) regional variation throughout the German-speaking world.
InflectionEdit
nominative | accusative | genitive | dative | possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich | mich | meiner († mein) |
mir | mein | |
2nd person singular (familiar)1 | du (-e) |
dich | deiner († dein) |
dir | dein | |
3rd person singular | m | er | ihn | seiner († sein) |
ihm | sein |
f | sie | ihrer | ihr | |||
n | es | seiner († sein) |
ihm | sein | ||
1st person plural | wir (mir) |
uns | unser | uns | unser | |
2nd person plural (familiar)1 | ihr | euch | euer | euch | euer | |
3rd person plural | sie | ihrer | ihnen | ihr | ||
polite address | naturally: 2nd person sg. or pl.; grammatically: 2nd person pl. |
Ihr | Euch | Euer | Euch | Euer |
naturally: 2nd person sg. or pl.; grammatically: 3rd person pl. |
Sie | Ihrer | Ihnen | Ihr |
1Often capitalized, especially in letters
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- du in Duden online
GothicEdit
HunsrikEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old High German du (akin to Old Saxon thu and English thou), itself from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du
InflectionEdit
nominative | accusative | dative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proclitic | Enclitic | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |
1st person singular | ich | -ich | mich | meer | mer | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | -du, -de | dich | deer | der | |
3rd person singular (m) | er, där | -er | ihn | en | ihm | em |
3rd person singular (f) | sie, die | -se | sie / ihns | se | eer | re |
3rd person singular (n) | es, das | 's | es | ihm | em | |
1st person plural | meer | mer | uns | uns | ||
2nd person plural | deer | der | eich | eich | ||
3rd person plural | sie, die | -se | sie | se | denne |
Further readingEdit
IdoEdit
< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : duesma Adverbial : dufoye Multiplier : duopla Fractional : duima | ||
Ido Wikipedia article on du |
EtymologyEdit
From Esperanto du, from French deux, Spanish dos, Italian due, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
NumeralEdit
du
InterlingueEdit
KalashaEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Sanskrit द्व (dva), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Hindi दो (do), Bhojpuri दू (dū), Konkani दोन (don).
NumeralEdit
du
KurdishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Iranian *duu̯a (compare Persian دو (do), Pashto دوه (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (dō)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spanish dos, English two).
NumeralEdit
du
LithuanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Baltic *duwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate to Latin duo.
NumeralEdit
< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : antras | ||
du m (feminine dvi)
DeclensionEdit
Lower SorbianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person singular) and *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflected forms of *jьti.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
du
- inflection of hyś:
SynonymsEdit
- (first-person singular): źom
LuxembourgishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *þū.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du
DeclensionEdit
nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | like dat. and acc. | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | de | dech | — | dir | der | like dat. and acc. | |
2nd person singular (formal) |
Dir | Der | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | |
3rd person singular (m) | hien | en | hien | en | him | em | sech | |
3rd person singular (f) | si | se | si | se | hir | er | sech | |
3rd person singular (n) | hatt | et ('t) | hatt | et ('t) | him | em | sech | |
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | |
2nd person plural | dir | der | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | |
3rd person plural | si | se | si | se | hinnen | en | sech |
MandarinEdit
RomanizationEdit
du
- Nonstandard spelling of dū.
- Nonstandard spelling of dú.
- Nonstandard spelling of dǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of dù.
Usage notesEdit
- English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.
Middle DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Dutch thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du
Usage notesEdit
This pronoun began to be replaced by gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, and eventually fell out of use altogether.
InflectionEdit
DescendantsEdit
Further readingEdit
Middle EnglishEdit
Middle Low GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Saxon thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
dû
DeclensionEdit
nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
2nd person singular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
3rd person singular | |||||
m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
n | it (et) | ||||
f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
2nd person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en; ehnen, ohnen, öhnen) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here. |
DescendantsEdit
NormanEdit
North FrisianEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- düünj (Mooring)
EtymologyEdit
From Old Frisian dwā, from Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include West Frisian dwaan, English do.
VerbEdit
du
- (Föhr-Amrum) to do
- (Föhr-Amrum) to give
ConjugationEdit
infinitive I | du | |
---|---|---|
infinitive II | tu duen | |
past participle | den | |
imperative singular | du | |
imperative plural | du'em | |
present | past | |
1st-person singular | ik du | ik ded, diad |
2nd-person singular | dü deest | dü dedst, diadst |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at dee | hi/hat/at ded, diad |
1st-person dual | wat du | wat ded, diad |
2nd-person dual | jat du | jat ded, diad |
1st-person plural | wi du | wi ded, diad |
2nd-person plural | jam du | jam ded, diad |
3rd-person plural | jo du | jo ded, diad |
perfect | pluperfect | |
1st-person singular | ik haa den | ik hed den |
2nd-person singular | dü heest den | dü hedst den |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at hee den | hi/hat/at hed den |
1st-person dual | wat haa den | wat hed den |
2nd-person dual | jat haa den | jat hed den |
1st-person plural | wi haa den | wi hed den |
2nd-person plural | jam haa den | jam hed den |
3rd-person plural | jo haa den | jo hed den |
future (skel) | future (wel) | |
1st-person singular | ik skal du | ik wal du |
2nd-person singular | dü skääl du | dü wääl du |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at skal du | hi/hat/at wal du |
1st-person dual | wat skel du | wat wel du |
2nd-person dual | jat skel du | jat wel du |
1st-person plural | wi skel du | wi wel du |
2nd-person plural | jam skel du | jam wel du |
3rd-person plural | jo skel du | jo wel du |
Northern SamiEdit
Norwegian BokmålEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du (objective case deg)
ReferencesEdit
- “du” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
See alsoEdit
Nominative | Objective case | Genitive/Possessive pronoun | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | |||
First person | jeg | meg | min, mi, mitt, mine |
Second person | du | deg | din, di, ditt, dine |
Third person m | han | han/ham | hans |
Third person f | hun | henne | hennes |
Third person n | det | det | dets |
Third person, nonhuman m/f | den | den | dens |
Plural | |||
First person | vi | oss | vår m |
Second person | dere | dere | deres |
Third person | de | dem | deres |
Norwegian NynorskEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Akin to English thou.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du (objective case deg)
ReferencesEdit
- “du” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
See alsoEdit
Nominative | Objective case | Genitive/Possessive pronoun | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | |||
First person | eg, je1 | meg | min, mi, mitt, mine |
Second person | du | deg | din, di, ditt, dine |
Third person m | han | han, honom2 | hans |
Third person f | ho | ho, henne | hennar, hennes1 |
Third person n | det, dat3 | det, dat3 | dess 4 |
Plural | |||
First person | me, vi | oss | vår m |
Second person | de, dokker | dykk, dokker | dykkar, dokkar |
Third person | dei | dei, deim2 | deira, deires1 |
Notes | |||
1No longer part of the official written norm. These non-traditional forms were added to the norm to either approach the Samnorsk ideal or certain dialects. | |||
2Traditional forms that are no longer part of the official written norm. Now primarily used in Høgnorsk texts. | |||
3Never part of official Nynorsk/Landsmål. Primarily used before Landsmål received an official written norm. | |||
4Rare or literary |
NovialEdit
ObokuitaiEdit
NounEdit
du
Further readingEdit
Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages
Old FrenchEdit
Old High GermanEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þu, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du
- thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)
- 3rd-6th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
- ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
- frifridil / du / […]
- Frifridil, you / […]
- frifridil / du / […]
- ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
- 3rd-6th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
Usage notesEdit
Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern German Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.
InflectionEdit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ih (ihha, ihcha) |
mīn | mir | mih | |
Second | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
Plural | First | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio | ||
Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu | ||
Polite form | Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
DescendantsEdit
- Middle High German: du
See alsoEdit
- fridil (“a pet name for a male lover”)
ReferencesEdit
- Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
- Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, volume 7 (1976), pages 116–121
- Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)
Pennsylvania GermanEdit
RomanianEdit
ScotsEdit
SwedishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Swedish þū, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
du
Usage notesEdit
While du is the traditionally familiar mode of address, it is since the early '70s the standard in almost all circumstances, possibly capitalized in formal communications. This was the result of the so-called du-reformen.
Recently, use of the second-person plural pronoun ni as a less familiar (and thus more formal) pronoun has appeared to some extent, but mainly amongst shopkeepers towards the customers.
The same pronoun ni has also been used historically as a formal way of address, but its use has (in particular in Sweden, not so much in Swedish-speaking parts of Finland) been restricted to addressing people of lower social status, whereby a plethora of different constructions were employed as to avoid the issue of pronouns whatsoever. See also the article about T-V distinction in Wikipedia.
DeclensionEdit
*Not universally accepted.
VenetianEdit
VietnameseEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 遊/游.
VerbEdit
du
- (only in compounds) to walk
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
NounEdit
du
- Eye dialect spelling of du, representing Nghệ An dialect, Hà Tĩnh dialect, Quảng Bình dialect, and Quảng Trị dialect Vietnamese.
WelshEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
PronunciationEdit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /dɨː/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /diː/
- Homophone: dŷ; (South Wales) di
AdjectiveEdit
du (feminine singular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)
- black
- Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
- He has a black mustache
MutationEdit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
du | ddu | nu | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See alsoEdit
Colors in Welsh · lliwiau (layout · text) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
gwyn | llwyd | du | ||
coch ; rhudd | oren, melyngoch ; brown | melyn ; melynwyn | ||
gwyrdd leim | gwyrdd | |||
gwyrddlas ; glaswyrdd | asur, gwynlas | glas | ||
fioled ; indigo | majenta ; porffor | pinc |