Wiktionary

du

See also: Appendix:Variations of "du"

AbinomnEdit

NounEdit

du

  1. name

AiwooEdit

DeterminerEdit

du

  1. all

ReferencesEdit

Alemannic GermanEdit

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. thou, you

DeclensionEdit

Alemannic German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative possessive m
1st person singular ich, i mich, mi mir, mier, mer min, miin
2nd person singular familiar du dich, di dir, dier, der din, diin
polite Si Ine, Ene, -ne Ire
3rd person singular m er in, en im sin, siin
f si ire
n es, 's, -s im sin, siin
1st person plural mir, mer üs, öis, ois, eus üse, öise, oise, euse
2nd person plural ir, ier öi, eu öie, eure
3rd person plural si ine, ene, -ne ire

AmanabEdit

NounEdit

du

  1. a kind of bird

BambaraEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

du

  1. household

ReferencesEdit

BasqueEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

du

  1. Third-person singular (hark), taking third-person singular (hura) as direct object, present indicative form of izan.

Usage notesEdit

Linguistically, this verb form can be seen as belonging to the reconstructed citation form edun instead of izan.

BretonEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

du

  1. black
  2. swollen
  3. starved

MutationEdit

  Mutation of du  
Breton consonant mutation
unmutated soft aspirate hard
simple form du zu never occurs never occurs
comparative duoc'h zuoc'h never occurs never occurs
superlative duañ zuañ unchanged tuañ
exclamative d{{{5}}} z{{{5}}} unchanged t{{{5}}}

Derived termsEdit

NounEdit

du m

  1. black

MutationEdit

  Mutation of du  
Breton consonant mutation
unmutated soft aspirate hard
singular du zu unchanged tu
plural d{{{3}}} z{{{3}}} unchanged t{{{3}}}

VerbEdit

du

MutationEdit

  Mutation of du  
Breton consonant mutation
unmutated soft aspirate hard mixed
du zu unchanged tu tu

See alsoEdit

Colors in Breton · livioù (layout · text)
     gwenn      louet      du
             ruz              orañjez, melen-ruz; gell              melen
                          gwer, glas             
             cyan                           glas
                          magenta; glasruz              roz

BurushaskiEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

du (plural duwants)

  1. yew

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Sadaf Munshi (2015), “Word Lists”, in Burushaski Language Documentation Project‎[1].

CimbrianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle High German du, from Old High German dū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū. Cognate with German du, archaic English thou (modern dialectal tha).

PronounEdit

du

  1. (Luserna, Sette Comuni) you (thou, singular familiar)
    Bobrall du geast, gedenkhte ber du pist. ― Wherever you go, remember who you are.

InflectionEdit

Sette Comuni:

Cimbrian personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
1st person singular ich mich miar
2nd person singular familiar du dich diar
polite iart ach òich
3rd person singular m èar, ar in, en iime
f zi, ze iar
n es, is es, 's iime
1st person plural bar,
bandare		 zich izàndarn
2nd person plural iart,
iartàndare, artàndare		 òich, ach ogàndarn
3rd person plural ze, zòi,
zandare		 zich innàndarn

Luserna:

Personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du iar
3rd person er, si, 'z se

ReferencesEdit

  • “du” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
  • Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

CornishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

PronunciationEdit

  • (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA(key): [dyː]
  • (Revived Late Cornish) IPA(key): [diˑʊ]

AdjectiveEdit

du

  1. black

MutationEdit

  Mutation of du  
Cornish consonant mutation
unmutated soft aspirate hard mixed mixed after 'th
du dhu unchanged tu tu tu

See alsoEdit

Colors in Cornish · liwyow (layout · text)
     gwynn      loos, glas      du
             rudh; kogh              rudhvelyn; gell, gorm              melyn
                          gwyrdh, glas             
                                       glas
             glasrudh, purpur              majenta; purpur, glasrudh              gwynnrudh, kigliw

DanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old Danish thu, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”). Cognate with English thou, Latin tū, Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam), Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬨‎ (tūm),‎ Russian ты (ty).

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du (objective dig)

  1. thou, you (2nd person singular subject pronoun, informal)
See alsoEdit
Danish personal pronouns
Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
common neuter plural
Singular First – jeg mig min mit mine
Second modern / informal du dig din dit dine
formal De Dem Deres
Third masculine (person) han ham hans
feminine (person) hun hende hendes
common(noun) den dens
neuter(noun) det dets
reflexive – sig sin sit sine
Plural First modern vi os vores
archaic / formal vor vort vore
Second – I jer jeres
Third – de dem deres
reflexive – sig

Etymology 2Edit

From Old Danish dughæ, from Old Norse duga, from Proto-Germanic *duganą (“to be useful”), cognate with Swedish duga, German taugen, Gothic 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dugan).

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)

  1. be good
  2. be fit
InflectionEdit
Inflection of du
present past
simple duer or dur duede
perfect har duet havde duet
passive — —
participle - duet
imperative du —
infinitive du —
auxiliary verb have —
gerund — —

Dena'inaEdit

ParticleEdit

du

  1. interrogative particle (placed at the end of the sentence to make a question)

DutchEdit

Alternative formsEdit

  • dou (obsolete, Hollandic)

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Dutch du, from Old Dutch thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /dy/
  • Hyphenation: du
  • Rhymes: -y

PronounEdit

du

  1. (obsolete or dialectal) Second-person singular informal pronoun; thou
    • 1620, Jacob Cats, Velt-teycken, alle eerbare jonge lieden toegeeygent
      Sy roept, du bist een slaef, in mijne dienst gebonden
      She calls, thou art a slave, bound to my service
    • 1625, Joost van den Vondel, Wiech-liedt
      Soo leyt dyn memmetje dy in dyn wiechje te rust.
      So thy mama lays thee to rest in thy cradle.

Usage notesEdit

  • Du was already falling out of general use in early modern Dutch. It was still relatively common in the oblique cases, in vocatives or close to vocative appositions and when indicating contempt.
  • The corresponding verbal ending was -st. The present form of zijn was bist, for hebben the present forms hebst and hest were in use. When the nominative directly followed the verb, contraction usually occurred: -stu; bistu, hebstu.

InflectionEdit

ElfdalianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Swedish du.

PronounEdit

du

  1. you (singular), thou

EsperantoEdit

Esperanto numbers (edit)
20
 ←  1 2 3  → 
    Cardinal: du
    Ordinal: dua
    Adverbial: due
    Multiplier: duobla, duopa
    Fractional: duona, duono

EtymologyEdit

From Latin duo, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /du/
  • Audio(file)

NumeralEdit

du

  1. two (2)

Derived termsEdit

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old French del. The expected modern form would be *deau, but it underwent stronger contraction.

PronunciationEdit

ContractionEdit

du (feminine singular de la, plural des)

  1. Contraction of de + le (“of the”)
  2. Forms the partitive article.
    Il mange du pain. ― He eats bread. / He eats some bread.

Usage notesEdit

  • The partitive article is used with uncountable nouns instead of the indefinite article (which is only used with countable nouns). English and most other European languages do not use any article in such cases.
  • Like the indefinite article, the partitive article becomes simple de with grammatical objects in negated sentences: Il ne mange pas de pain. (“He doesn’t eat bread.”)
  • After the actual preposition de (“of, from”), the partitive article is deleted. So one can never say *de du or *de de la.

Further readingEdit

GaikundiEdit

NounEdit

du

  1. man

Further readingEdit

GermanEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle High German du, duo, dū, from Old High German dū (akin to Old Saxon thū and English thou), itself from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

PronunciationEdit

  • (unstressed, standard) IPA(key): /du/
  • (unstressed, colloquial) IPA(key): /də/
  • After the second person singular verb ending -st, the /d/ is generally lost when the pronoun is unstressed. Thus hast du is pronounced [ˈhast‿u] even in purposefully enunciated speech.
  • In colloquial speech, chiefly of northern and central Germany, the /d/ can be lost after any preceding coronal. Thus wenn du may be pronounced [ˈvɛn‿u] or [ˈvɛn‿ə].

PronounEdit

du

  1. you (thou, singular familiar)

Usage notesEdit

  • Du is the informal second person pronoun. In formal speech, the third person plural Sie (always capitalised) is used instead.
  • A general rule of thumb is that du is used to address one's friends, relatives, and those under about 16 years of age. Du is always used to address children and non-human beings.
  • Usage also depends on the setting: two unacquainted, middle-aged persons are likely to use du when they meet at social gatherings, but much less so when they happen on each other in the street. People under 30 often use du among each other, but they still use Sie when one of them is at work, e.g. in a shop (some cafés and most pubs are an exception).
  • There is also a great deal of (often subtle) regional variation throughout the German-speaking world.

DeclensionEdit

German personal pronouns
nominative accusative genitive dative possessive
1st person singular ich4 mich meiner
mein3		 mir mein
2nd person singular (familiar)1 du
(-e)		 dich deiner
dein3		 dir dein
2nd person singular (polite)6 m
verbs conjugated according
to 3rd person sg. er 		er ihn seiner
sein3		 ihm sein
3rd person singular m er ihn seiner
sein3		 ihm sein
f sie
se5, -se5		 ihrer ihr
n es seiner
sein3		 ihm sein
1st person plural wir4
(mir)		 uns unser uns unser
2nd person
sg. or pl. (elevated2) 		verbs conjugated according
to 2nd person pl. ihr 		Ihr Euch Euer Euch Euer
2nd person plural (familiar)1 ihr euch euer euch euer
2nd person
sg. or pl. (polite)7		 verbs conjugated according
to 3rd person pl. sie 		Sie Ihrer Ihnen Ihr
3rd person plural sie ihrer ihnen ihr

1often capitalized, especially in letters    2archaic (ihrzen)    3dated    4capitalised in royal usage    5enclitic, colloquial 6archaic (erzen), sometimes capitalised 7(siezen)

Derived termsEdit

Further readingEdit

  • “du” in Duden online
  • “du” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

GothicEdit

RomanizationEdit

du

  1. Romanization of 𐌳𐌿

HunsrikEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle High German and Old High German dū (akin to Old Saxon thū and English thou), itself from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. thou, you
    Du bist aarich scheen.
    You are so beautiful.

InflectionEdit

Hunsrik personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
Proclitic Enclitic str. unstr. str. unstr.
1st person singular ich

eich

-ich mich

meich

meer mer

m'r

2nd person singular
(informal) 		du

dau/Dau

-du, -de

-Dau, -De

dich

deich/Deich

deer der

d'r/D'r

3rd person singular (m.) er; där -er ihn en ihm em
3rd person singular (f.) sie; die -se sie / ihns se eer

ehr

re
3rd person singular (n.) es; das

et, 't

's es

et

-et, -'t

ihm em
1st person plural meer mer uns

uhs

2nd person plural deer

Ehr, Dehr

der eich

Auch

3rd person plural sie; die -se sie se denne

Further readingEdit

IdoEdit

Ido numbers (edit)
20
 ←  1 2 3  → 
    Cardinal: du
    Ordinal: duesma
    Adverbial: dufoye
    Multiplier: duopla
    Fractional: duima

EtymologyEdit

From Esperanto du, from French deux, Spanish dos, Italian due, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

NumeralEdit

du

  1. two (2)

KalashaEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Sanskrit द्व (dva), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Hindi दो (do), Bhojpuri दू (dū), Konkani दोन (don).

NumeralEdit

du

  1. two; 2

LithuanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Baltic *duwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate to Latin duo.

PronunciationEdit

NumeralEdit

Lithuanian cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : antras

dù m (feminine dvì)

  1. two (2)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of du
masculine feminine
nominative dù dvì
genitive dviejų̃ dviejų̃
dative dvíem dvíem
accusative dù dvì
instrumental dviẽm dviẽm
locative dviejuosè dviejosè
Forms of du
masculine feminine
quantitative du dvi
plural dveji dvejos
collective dvejetas dvejeta
ordinal antras antra

Lower SorbianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person singular) and *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflected forms of *jьti.

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

du

  1. inflection of hyś:
    1. first-person singular present
    2. third-person plural present

SynonymsEdit

  • (first-person singular): źom

LuxembourgishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Germanic *þū.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. second-person singular, informal, nominative: you, thou
    Wéi al bass du? ― How old are you?

DeclensionEdit

Luxembourgish personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative reflexive
str. unstr. str. unstr. str. unstr.
1st person singular ech — mech — mir mer like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular
(informal) 		du de dech — dir der like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular
(formal) 		Dir Der Iech Iech [əɕ] Iech Iech [əɕ] Iech
3rd person singular m hien en hien en him em sech
f si se si se hir er sech
n hatt et ('t) hatt et ('t) him em sech
1st person plural mir mer eis (ons) — eis (ons) — eis (ons)
2nd person plural dir der iech iech [əɕ] iech iech [əɕ] iech
3rd person plural si se si se hinnen en sech

MandarinEdit

RomanizationEdit

du

  1. Nonstandard spelling of dū.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of dú.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of dǔ.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of dù.

Usage notesEdit

  • English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone.

Middle DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Dutch thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. thou, you (singular, informal)
    Synonym: gi

Usage notesEdit

This pronoun began to be replaced by gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, and eventually fell out of use altogether.

InflectionEdit

Middle Dutch personal pronouns
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
masc. fem. neut.
nominative ic du hi si het wi gi si
accusative mi di hem, hen haer ons u hem, hen
dative hem, hen
genitive mijn dijn sijn haer sijn onse uwe haer

DescendantsEdit

  • Dutch: (obsolete) du, dou, douw
  • Limburgish: doe

Further readingEdit

  • “du”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “du”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Middle EnglishEdit

AdjectiveEdit

du

  1. Alternative form of dewe (“due”)

Middle Low GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Saxon thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

dû

  1. thou, you (second person singular nominative)

DeclensionEdit

Middle Low German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative genitive
1st person singular ik (ek) mî (mê, mik, mek) mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular dû dî (dê, dik, dek) dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
m hê (hî, hie) ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) ēme, em (ȫme, en) sîn (sîner)
n it (et)
f sê (sî, sie, sü̂) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural wî (wê, wie) uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) unser (ûser)
2nd person plural gî (jê, î) jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural sê (sî, sie) em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

DescendantsEdit

MòchenoEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle High German du, from Old High German dū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū. Cognate with German du, archaic English thou (modern dialectal tha).

PronounEdit

du

  1. you (thou, singular familiar)

InflectionEdit

Personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du ir
3rd person er, si, s sei

ReferencesEdit

NormanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin dux, ducem.

NounEdit

du m

  1. duke

Related termsEdit

North FrisianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Frisian dwā, from Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include West Frisian dwaan, English do.

VerbEdit

du

  1. (Föhr-Amrum) to do
  2. (Föhr-Amrum) to give

ConjugationEdit

Conjugation of du
infinitive I du
infinitive II tu duen
past participle den
imperative singular du
imperative plural du'em
  present past
1st-person singular ik du ik ded, diad
2nd-person singular dü deest dü dedst, diadst
3rd-person singular hi/hat/at dee hi/hat/at ded, diad
1st-person dual wat du wat ded, diad
2nd-person dual jat du jat ded, diad
1st-person plural wi du wi ded, diad
2nd-person plural jam du jam ded, diad
3rd-person plural jo du jo ded, diad
  perfect pluperfect
1st-person singular ik haa den ik hed den
2nd-person singular dü heest den dü hedst den
3rd-person singular hi/hat/at hee den hi/hat/at hed den
1st-person dual wat haa den wat hed den
2nd-person dual jat haa den jat hed den
1st-person plural wi haa den wi hed den
2nd-person plural jam haa den jam hed den
3rd-person plural jo haa den jo hed den
  future (skel) future (wel)
1st-person singular ik skal du ik wal du
2nd-person singular dü skääl du dü wääl du
3rd-person singular hi/hat/at skal du hi/hat/at wal du
1st-person dual wat skel du wat wel du
2nd-person dual jat skel du jat wel du
1st-person plural wi skel du wi wel du
2nd-person plural jam skel du jam wel du
3rd-person plural jo skel du jo wel du


Northern KurdishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Iranian *dwáH (compare Persian دو‎ (do), Pashto دوه‎ (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (duua)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwáH (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو‎ (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (do)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spanish dos, English two).

NumeralEdit

Central Kurdish دوو‎ (dû)

du

  1. two (2)

Northern SamiEdit

PronunciationEdit

  • (Kautokeino) IPA(key): /ˈtuː/

PronounEdit

dū

  1. accusative/genitive of don

Norwegian BokmålEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse þú (“you”), from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du (objective case deg)

  1. thou, you (second person, singular)

Derived termsEdit

  • due (“to say 'you' to someone”)

VerbEdit

du

  1. imperative of due

ReferencesEdit

See alsoEdit

    Personal pronouns in Bokmål
Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
feminine masculine neuter plural
Singular First – jeg meg mi min mitt mine
Second – du deg di din ditt dine
Third feminine (person) hun henne hennes
masculine (person) han han/ham hans
feminine (noun) den dens
masculine (noun)
neuter(noun) det dets
reflexive – seg si sin sitt sine
Plural First – vi oss vår vårt våre
Second – dere dere deres
Third – de dem deres

Norwegian NynorskEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Akin to English thou.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du (objective case deg)

  1. you, thou (second person, singular)

ReferencesEdit

See alsoEdit

Norwegian Nynorsk personal pronouns
person first person second person reflexive third person
case singular singular masculine singular feminine singular neuter
nominative eg, je1 du han ho det, dat2
accusative meg deg seg han, honom2 ho, henne2 det, dat2
dative2 meg deg seg honom henne di2
genitive min din sin hans hennar, hennes1 dess3
case plural
nominative me, vi de, dokker dei
accusative oss, okk dykk, dokker seg dei, deim2
dative oss, okk dykk, dokker seg deim2
genitive vår, okkar dykkar, dokkar sin deira, deires1
1Obsolete. 2Landsmål. 3Rare or literary. Cursive forms unofficial today.


ObokuitaiEdit

NounEdit

du

  1. bird

Further readingEdit

Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages

Old FrenchEdit

Alternative formsEdit

ContractionEdit

du

  1. contraction of de + le (of the)

Old High GermanEdit

 
one drawing of the inscription on the Bülach fibula

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

dū

  1. thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)
    • 6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
      ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
      frifridil / du / […]
      [my] beloved, you / […]

Usage notesEdit

Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in New High German (Modern German) Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in Late Old High German.

InflectionEdit

Old High German personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
Singular First ih
(ihha, ihcha)		 mīn mir mih
Second dū dīn dir dih
Third Masculine er (her) (sīn) imu, imo inan, in
Feminine siu; sī, si ira (iru, iro) iru, iro sia
Neuter iz es, is imu, imo iz
Plural First wir unsēr uns unsih
Second ir iuwēr iu iuwih
Third Masculine sie iro im, in sie
Feminine sio iro im, in sio
Neuter siu iro im, in siu
Polite form Second   ir iuwēr iu iuwih

DescendantsEdit

  • Middle High German: du
    • Alemannic German: du
      Swabian: dau, d
    • Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: du
      Mòcheno: du
    • Central Franconian: du, dou
      Hunsrik: du
      Kölsch: do
    • German: du
    • Luxembourgish: du
    • Rhine Franconian:
      Palatine German: du
      Pennsylvania German: du
    • Yiddish: דו‎ (du)

ReferencesEdit

  • Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
  • Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, volume 7 (1976), pages 116–121
  • Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)

Old IrishEdit

PrepositionEdit

du

  1. Alternative form of do

MutationEdit

Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
du du
pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ 		ndu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Pennsylvania GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare German du, English thou, Swedish du.

PronounEdit

du

  1. you

DeclensionEdit

Declension of du
Nominative Accusative Dative
1st - Singular ich mich mir
mer (unstressed)
2nd - Singular du
de (unstressed) 		dich dir
der (unstressed)
3rd - Singular Masculine er ihn
en (unstressed) 		ihm
em (unstressed)
3rd - Singular Feminine sie
se (unstressed) 		sie
se (unstressed) 		ihre
re (unstressed)
3rd - Singular Neuter es es ihm
em (unstressed)
1st - Plural mir
mer (unstressed) 		uns uns
2nd - Plural dihr
der (unstressed) 		eich eich
3rd - Plural sie sie ihne
ne (unstressed)
2nd - Polite Sie Sie Ihne
Ne (unstressed)

Pite SamiEdit

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. those

See alsoEdit

Pite Sami demonstrative pronouns
singular plural
Proximal dát dá
Distal dat da
Remote dut du

ReferencesEdit

  • Joshua Wilbur (2014) A grammar of Pite Saami, Berlin: Language Science Press

RomagnolEdit

Romagnol numbers (edit)
20
 ←  1 2 3  → 
    Cardinal: du
    Ordinal: șgónd
    Multiplier: dópi
    Fractional: mëẓ

EtymologyEdit

From Latin dŭo (“two”).

PronunciationEdit

NumeralEdit

du (feminine dó)

  1. two

ReferencesEdit

  • Masotti, Adelmo (1999) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano (in Italian), Zanichelli, pages 189, 194

RomanianEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

du

  1. second-person singular imperative of duce
    Du-te acasă.
    Go home.

Saterland FrisianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /du/
  • Hyphenation: du
  • Rhymes: -u

PronounEdit

du (oblique die)

  1. thou, you

Usage notesEdit

  • du is at times omitted when used with a verb.

See alsoEdit

Saterland Frisian personal pronouns
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
stressed iek du hie ju dät wie jie jo
unstressed er ze et ze
objective mie die him hier dät uus jou hier

ReferencesEdit

  • Marron C. Fort (2015), “du”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

ScotsEdit

PronounEdit

du (objective case dee, vocative dee, possessive determiner dines)

  1. Orkney, Shetland form of thou (“thou”)

Sranan TongoEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English do.

VerbEdit

du

  1. to do

NounEdit

du

  1. deed, action
  2. (archaic) dance performance

SumerianEdit

RomanizationEdit

du

  1. Romanization of 𒁺 (du)

SwedishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

Dialects

EtymologyEdit

From Old Swedish þū, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

PronunciationEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. you (familiar sg.)
  2. thou

Usage notesEdit

While du is the traditionally familiar mode of address, it is since the early '70s the standard in almost all circumstances, possibly capitalized in formal communications. This was the result of the so-called du-reformen.

Recently, use of the second-person plural pronoun ni as a less familiar (and thus more formal) pronoun has appeared to some extent, but mainly amongst shopkeepers towards the customers.

The same pronoun ni has also been used historically as a formal way of address, but its use has (in particular in Sweden, not so much in Swedish-speaking parts of Finland) been restricted to addressing people of lower social status, whereby a plethora of different constructions were employed as to avoid the issue of pronouns whatsoever. See also the article about T-V distinction in Wikipedia.

DeclensionEdit

Swedish personal pronouns
Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
common neuter plural
singular first — jag mig, mej3 min mitt mina
second — du dig, dej3 din ditt dina
third masculine (person) han honom, han2, en5 hans
feminine (person) hon henne, na5 hennes
gender-neutral (person)1 hen hen, henom7 hens
common (noun) den den dess
neuter (noun) det det dess
indefinite man or en4 en ens
reflexive — sig, sej3 sin sitt sina
plural first — vi oss vår, våran2 vårt, vårat2 våra
second — ni er er, eran2, ers6 ert, erat2 era
archaic I eder eder, eders6 edert edra
third — de, dom3 dem, dom3 deras
reflexive — sig, sej3 sin sitt sina
1Neologism. Usage has increased since 2010, and has gained widespread acceptance today.
2Informal
4Dialectal, also used lately as an alternative to man, to avoid association to the male gender.
5Informal, somewhat dialectal
6Formal address
7Discouraged by the Swedish Language Council

AnagramsEdit

TlingitEdit

PronounEdit

du

  1. his/her

See alsoEdit

VenetianEdit

EtymologyEdit

Compare Italian due

NumeralEdit

du m

  1. two

SynonymsEdit

VietnameseEdit

EtymologyEdit

Sino-Vietnamese word from 遊/游.

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

du

  1. (only in compounds) to play, amuse oneself, walk, stroll; to travel; to swim [1]
Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Dinh-hoa Nguyen (1995), “du”, in NTC's Vietnamese–English Dictionary, →ISBN, page 128

WelshEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

du (feminine singular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)

  1. black
    Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
    He has a black mustache

Related termsEdit

MutationEdit

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
du ddu nu unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

See alsoEdit

Colors in Welsh · lliwiau (layout · text)
     gwyn      llwyd      du
             coch; rhudd              oren, melyngoch; brown              melyn; melynwyn
             gwyrdd leim              gwyrdd             
             gwyrddlas; glaswyrdd              asur, gwynlas              glas
             fioled; indigo              majenta; porffor              pinc

White HmongEdit

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

du

  1. smooth

YorubaEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

dù

  1. to scramble for, to compete
    wọ́n du oúnjẹ ― They scrambled for food
Derived termsEdit
Usage notesEdit
  • du before a direct object

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

du

  1. (Lagos, intransitive) to run, to sprint
    Synonym: sá
Derived termsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

dú

  1. (intransitive, of a person or animal) to bleed
    Synonyms: dújẹ̀, ṣẹ̀jẹ̀
Derived termsEdit
  • ìdú (“the act of bleeding”)

Etymology 4Edit

Cognate with Igala dú

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

dú

  1. to be black, to be dark
    Antonym: fun
    ó dú láwọ̀ ― Her skin is dark
Derived termsEdit
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