Chinese

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Pronunciation 1

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yesterday
day; sun; date
day; sun; date; day of the month; Japan (abbrev.)
 
simp. and trad.
(昨日)
anagram 日昨

Note: zok6 jat6 - prescribed.
Note:
  • za2 rig8 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
  • za1 rig8 - Chenghai, Johor Bahru;
  • zao1 rig8 - Jieyang.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial () (15) (38)
Final () (103) (48)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () I III
Fanqie
Baxter dzak nyit
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵiɪt̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵit̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵʑjet̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/d͡zak̚/ /ȵit̚/
Li
Rong
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵiĕt̚/
Wang
Li
/d͡zɑk̚/ /ȵʑĭĕt̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/d͡zʱɑk̚/ /ȵʑi̯ĕt̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
zuó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zok6 jat6

Noun

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昨日

  1. (formal or dialectal) yesterday
    啥體昨日嘸沒上班 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    啥体昨日呒没上班 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 5sa--thi5 7tsoq-gniq8 6m-meq8 6zaon-pe1-chi5 [Wugniu]
    Why didn't you go to work yesterday?
Synonyms
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Descendants
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Sino-Xenic (昨日):
  • Japanese: 昨日(さくじつ) (sakujitsu)
  • Korean: 작일(昨日) (jagil)

Pronunciation 2

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yesterday
day; sun; date
day; sun; date; day of the month; Japan (abbrev.)
 
simp. and trad.
(昨日)
alternative forms 佐日
anagram 日昨

Noun

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昨日

  1. (Min) day before yesterday
    𪜶翁仔某昨日出國𨑨迌 [Hokkien, trad.]
    𪜶翁仔某昨日出国𨑨迌 [Hokkien, simp.]
    In nn̄g ang-á-bó͘ cho̍h--ji̍t tō chhut-kok khì chhit-thô--ah. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    The husband and wife went out of the country the day before yesterday to play.
Synonyms
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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
きのう
Grade: 4 Grade: 1
jukujikun

/ki no pu//kinoɸu/ → */kinowu//kinou//kinoː/

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kinəpu.

The initial ki is unclear, but is likely the same ki element that appears in other words pertaining to the past. This may be related to the now-obsolete auxiliary verb (ki) indicating the recollective past -- see けり (keri). The middle no appears to be the regular genitive particle (no). The final pu is an apophonic form of (hi, day),[1] also found in 今日 (kepu→kyō, today).

Martin suggests that the initial ki might also be related to Old Japanese (ku, to come), modern 来る (kuru),[2] presumably via the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of ki. However, this is problematic both semantically, as "the coming day" would presumably refer to tomorrow rather than yesterday; and grammatically, as a verb modifying a noun would be expected to conjugate into the regular attributive form (for (ku) that would be kuru), rather than into the continuative form that then necessitates a particle.

The kanji are orthographic borrowing from Chinese 昨日 (zuórì).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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昨日(きのう) (kinōきのふ (kinofu)?

  1. yesterday
    昨日(きのう)(とう)(きょう)(くも)でした
    Kinō, Tōkyō wa kumori deshita ka.
    Was it cloudy in Tokyo yesterday?

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
さく
Grade: 4
じつ
Grade: 1
kan'on

From Middle Chinese compound 昨日 (dzak nyit, literally yesterday + day ). Compare modern Cantonese reading zok6 jat6.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(さく)(じつ) (sakujitsu

  1. yesterday

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
きそ
Grade: 4 Grade: 1
jukujikun
Alternative spelling
昨夜

From Old Japanese. The initial ki is unclear, but is likely the same ki element that appears in other words pertaining to the past. This may be related to the now-obsolete auxiliary verb (ki) indicating the recollective past -- see けり (keri). The final so is also unclear, but is probably the same as the final zo in 去年(こぞ) (kozo).[1]

This may have been read as kizo in Old Japanese.[1][4]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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昨日(きそ) (kiso

  1. last night
  2. yesterday
Coordinate terms
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(Time)
~ −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 Continual
Day 一昨昨日 一昨日 昨日 今日 明日 明後日 毎日
Morning 一昨朝 昨朝 今朝 明朝 毎朝
Night 一昨晩 昨晩 今晩 明晩 毎晩
Week 先々週 先週 今週 来週 再来週 毎週
Month 先々月 先月 今月 来月 再来月 毎月
Year 一昨昨年 一昨年 去年 今年 来年 再来年 毎年

References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 451
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja in this term

Noun

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昨日 (jagil) (hangeul 작일)

  1. hanja form? of 작일 (yesterday)

Northern Amami Ōshima

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Kanji in this term
Grade: 4 Grade: 1

Noun

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昨日(きぬ) (kinu

  1. yesterday

See also

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