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前

前 U+524D, 前
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-524D
← 剌
[U+524C]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 剎 →
[U+524E]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

前 (radical 18 刀+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿月中弓 (TBLN), four-corner 80221, composition ⿱䒑刖)

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 140, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2011
  • Dae Jaweon: page 318, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 248, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+524D

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 前
alt. forms 歬

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 前
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (前) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
媊 *ʔslel, *ʔslenʔ
煎 *ʔslen, *ʔslens
湔 *ʔslen, *ʔslens, *ʔsleːn, *zleːn
鬋 *ʔslen, *ʔslenʔ, *ʔslens
剪 *ʔslenʔ
翦 *ʔslenʔ
譾 *ʔslenʔ
揃 *ʔslenʔ
箭 *ʔslens
葥 *ʔslens
前 *zleːn
騚 *zleːn
歬 *zleːn

Originally 歬, an ideogrammic compound (會意): 止 (“foot”) + 舟 (“boat”) – a foot on a boat moving forward. Alternatively, 舟 represents a shoe (cf. Shuowen 履: 舟象履形) — a foot with a shoe on to walk forward. In the current form, 止 is simplified to 䒑 and 舟 to 月. The current form with an additional 刀 (“knife”) is the original form of 剪 (OC *ʔslenʔ, “to cut”).

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • sèng - vernacular;
  • cièng - literary.
Note:
  • chiân - literary;
  • chêng/chûiⁿ - vernacular;
  • chûn - vernacular (limited, e.g. 前年);
  • chân - vernacular (limited).
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 前
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/ ～天
/t͡ɕʰian²¹³/ 跟～兒
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡sʰiã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡sʰian⁴²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /t͡sʰien²⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
/t͡ɕie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ʑi²³/
Suzhou /ziɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑd͡ʑiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /t͡siẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /d͡ziẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰien¹¹/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰien¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰin²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰin²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /t͡sian³⁵/
/t͡siŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /t͡sieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /t͡sʰiŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡sõi⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /sin³¹/
/tai³¹/
/tun³¹/
Rime
Character 前
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 從 (15)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 昨先切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡zen/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡zen/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡zɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡zɛn/
Li
Rong		 /d͡zen/
Wang
Li		 /d͡zien/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /d͡zʱien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 qián
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 前
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 qián
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzen ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[dz]ˤen/ (~ *m-dzˤen)
English before

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 前
Reading # 1/1
No. 10256
Phonetic
component		 前
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 前
Old
Chinese		 /*zleːn/

DefinitionsEdit

前

  1. front; forepart
    Antonyms: 後／后 (hòu)
  2. past
  3. former; previous; last
  4. preceding
  5. future; time ahead
  6. first; top
  7. battlefront
  8. to move forward
  9. A surname​.

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 前

Etymology 2Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 前 – see 剪.
(This character, 前, is an ancient form of 剪.)

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

前

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. in front
  2. before

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
前
まえ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese as a compound of 目 (ma, “eye”) +‎ 方 (he, “direction, -wards”).[1][2]

/mape/ > /maɸe/ > /mawe/ > /mae/

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

前 (hiragana まえ, rōmaji mae, historical hiragana まへ)

  1. the front
  2. the past

SuffixEdit

前 (hiragana まえ, rōmaji -mae)

  1. a portion, an amount
    六人 (ろくにん)前 (まえ)の御膳 (ごぜん)
    rokunin-mae no gozen
    a banquet for six people

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
前
さき
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Cognate with 崎 (saki, “a (geographical) point, where the land sticks out into the water”).[1]

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

前 (hiragana さき, rōmaji saki)

  1. Alternative spelling of 先 the tip of something; ahead, in front; before, earlier, the past; afterwards, the future; the destination of a motion or action
Usage notesEdit

This sense is much more commonly spelled 先. See that entry for more details.

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle Chinese 前 (dzen). Compare modern Mandarin 前 (qián).

PronunciationEdit

CounterEdit

前 (hiragana ぜん, rōmaji -zen)

  1. counter for irregularly shaped objects such as desks, armrests, and serving trays
  2. counter for kami and shrines

PrefixEdit

前 (hiragana ぜん, rōmaji zen-)

  1. the last, the previous
  2. pre- (of an era)

Etymology 4Edit

Kanji in this term
前
ぜ
Grade: 2
kan'yōon

Contraction of 御前 (ごぜ) (goze), itself a contraction of 御前 (ごぜん) (gozen), an honorific form of address.[1][2]

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

前 (hiragana ぜ, rōmaji -ze)

  1. (rare) an honorific suffix added to a noun denoting a person
    尼 (あま)前 (ぜ)
    ama-ze
    (honorable) nun

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
  4. ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13143-0

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

前 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune-Reischauer chŏn)

  1. front (direction)
  2. before

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

前 (tiền, tèn)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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