前
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TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
前 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿月中弓 (TBLN), four-corner 80221, composition ⿱䒑刖)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 140, character 15
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2011
- Dae Jaweon: page 318, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 248, character 4
- Unihan data for U+524D
ChineseEdit
Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 前 | ||||
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Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Originally 歬, an ideogrammic compound (會意): 止 (“foot”) + 舟 (“boat”) – a foot on a boat moving forward. Alternatively, 舟 represents a shoe (cf. Shuowen 履: 舟象履形) — a foot with a shoe on to walk forward.
In the current form, 止 is simplified to 䒑 and 舟 to 月. The current form with an additional 刀 (“knife”) is the original form of 剪 (OC *ʔslenʔ, “to cut”).
Etymology 1Edit
trad. | 前 | |
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simp. # | 前 | |
alternative forms | 偂 歬 𠝣 𣥑 𣦃 |
Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
前
- front; forepart
- 前方 ― qiánfāng ― the front
- 前門 / 前门 ― qiánmén ― front door
- 往前走 ― wǎng qián zǒu ― to move forward
- 房子前有一棵樹。 / 房子前有一棵树。 ― Fángzi qián yǒu yī kē shù. ― There is a tree in front of the house.
- Antonym: 後/后 (hòu)
- 司馬喜難墨者師於中山王前以非攻。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
- Sīmǎ Xǐ nàn Mòzhě Shī yú Zhōngshānwáng qián yǐ Fēigōng. [Pinyin]
- Sima Xi reproaches Shi the Mohist (or "a Mohist master") on the merit of "non-belligerence" before (lit., in front of) the King of Zhongshan.
司马喜难墨者师于中山王前以非攻。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- ago; before
- 以前 ― yǐqián ― previously; ago
- 前幾天 / 前几天 ― qián jǐ tiān ― the other day
- 史前時代 / 史前时代 ― shǐqián shídài ― prehistoric times
- 現在壓迫子女的,有時也就是十年前的家庭革命者。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 1924, Lu Xun (魯迅), What happens to Nora after she leaves? (《娜拉走後怎樣》)
- Xiànzài yāpò zǐnǚ de, yǒushí yě jiùshì shíniánqián de jiātíng gémìngzhě. [Pinyin]
- Some of the current oppressors of children are precisely the revolutionaries of family life from ten years ago.
现在压迫子女的,有时也就是十年前的家庭革命者。 [MSC, simp.]
- past; previous; former; earlier
- 前任 ― qiánrèn ― predecessor
- 前副總統 / 前副总统 ― qián fùzǒngtǒng ― ex-vice president
- 前功盡棄 / 前功尽弃 ― qiángōngjìnqì ― all the previous effort is wasted
- 前漢 / 前汉 ― qiánhàn ― the Former (Western) Han
- 二三子!偃之言是也。前言戲之耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Èrsānzǐ! Yǎn zhī yán shì yě. Qián yán xìzhī ěr. [Pinyin]
- My disciples, Yan's words are right. What I said (just now) was only in sport.
二三子!偃之言是也。前言戏之耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- top; foremost; leading
- future; time ahead
- 前程 ― qiánchéng ― future; prospects
- to move forward
- 勇往直前 ― yǒngwǎngzhíqián ― to advance bravely
- 高祖醉,曰:「壯士行,何畏!」乃前,拔劍擊斬蛇。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE
- Gāozǔ zuì, yuē: “Zhuàngshì xíng, hé wèi!” Nǎi qián, bá jiàn jī zhǎn shé. [Pinyin]
- Emperor Gaozu, under the influence of alcohol, exclaimed "We are a band of heroes on the march. Fear not!" With these words, he went forward, unsheathed his sword, and decapitated the serpent with a stroke.
高祖醉,曰:“壮士行,何畏!”乃前,拔剑击斩蛇。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 齊宣王見顏斶,曰:「斶前!」斶亦曰:「王前!」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
- Qí Xuānwáng jiàn Yán Chù, yuē: “Chù qián!” Chù yì yuē: “Wáng qián!” [Pinyin]
- King Xuan of Qi, giving Yan Chu an audience, called on him to come forward. Chu in response also called on the King to step forth.
齐宣王见颜斶,曰:“斶前!”斶亦曰:“王前!” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- a surname.
Usage notesEdit
前 may refer to either the past or the future depending on one's perspective that is often implied by the context idiomatically. The set phrase 前天 (qiántiān) specifically refers to the day before yesterday.
CompoundsEdit
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DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 前 – see 剪 (“to cut”). (This character, 前, is an ancient form of 剪.) |
ReferencesEdit
- “前”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00355
- “Entry #4715”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ぜん (zen, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: せん (sen)
- Kun: まえ (mae, 前, Jōyō)←まへ (mafe, historical); さき (saki, 前)
- Nanori: さき (saki); さと (sato); まい (mai)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Kanji in this term |
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前 |
まえ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese as a compound of 目 (ma, “eye”) + 方 (pe1, “direction, -wards”).[1][2] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *mapya.
/mape1/ → /maɸe/ → /mawe/ → /maje/ → /mae/
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- the front
- the past
- 前から気になってたんだけど […]
- mae kara ki ni natteta n da kedo […]
- I've been thinking about it for a while, but […]
- ずっと前からそう思ってた
- zutto mae kara sō omotteta
- I've thought that for ages
- (literally, “I've been thinking that way since forever ago”)
- 前にも言ったように
- mae ni mo itta yō ni
- as I've said before
- (literally, “just as I have said in the past”)
- Antonym: 後 (ato)
- 前から気になってたんだけど […]
- previous
SuffixEdit
- a portion, an amount
- 六人前の御膳
- rokunin-mae no go-zen
- a banquet for six people
- 六人前の御膳
- ago
- 三年前
- sannenmae
- three years ago
- 三年前
Etymology 2Edit
Kanji in this term |
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前 |
さき Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 前 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 前, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3Edit
Kanji in this term |
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前 |
ぜん Grade: 2 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 前 (MC d͡zen). Compare modern Mandarin 前 (qián).
PronunciationEdit
CounterEdit
- counter for irregularly shaped objects such as desks, armrests, and serving trays
- counter for kami and shrines
PrefixEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Kanji in this term |
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前 |
ぜ Grade: 2 |
kan’yōon |
Contraction of 御前 (goze), itself a contraction of 御前 (go-zen), an honorific form of address.[1][2]
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 前 (MC d͡zen).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 쪈 (Yale: ccyèn) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 앏 (Yale: àlp) | 젼 (Yale: cyèn) |
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹n]
- Phonetic hangul: [전]
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
- 여전 (如前, yeojeon)
- 전제 (前提, jeonje)
- 이전 (以前, ijeon)
- 오전 (午前, ojeon)
- 사전 (事前, sajeon)
- 종전 (從前, jongjeon)
- 전초 (前哨, jeoncho)
- 전후 (前後, jeonhu)
- 전직 (前職, jeonjik)
- 직전 (直前, jikjeon)
- 전년 (前年, jeonnyeon)
- 전진 (前進, jeonjin)
- 전례 (前例, jeollye)
- 전자 (前者, jeonja)
- 전방 (前方, jeonbang)
- 전진 (前陳, jeonjin)
- 전대 (前代, jeondae)
- 전력 (前歷, jeollyeok)
- 전조 (前兆, jeonjo)
- 전기 (前期, jeon'gi)
- 전선 (前線, jeonseon)
- 전략 (前略, jeollyak)
- 전위 (前衛, jeonwi)
- 전임 (前任, jeonim)
- 전도 (前途, jeondo)
- 생전 (生前, saengjeon)
- 전생 (前生, jeonsaeng)
- 전문 (前文, jeonmun)
- 전과 (前科, jeon'gwa)
- 전경 (前景, jeon'gyeong)
- 전월 (前月, jeonwol)
- 전차 (前次, jeoncha)
- 전편 (前篇, jeonpyeon)
- 전회 (前回, jeonhoe)
- 향전 (向前, hyangjeon)
- 전면 (前面, jeonmyeon)
- 전야 (前夜, jeonya)
- 문전 (門前, munjeon)
- 전기 (前記, jeon'gi)
- 전전 (前前, jeonjeon)
- 목전 (目前, mokjeon)
- 전망 (前望, jeonmang)
- 전세 (前世, jeonse)
- 면전 (面前, myeonjeon)
- 전분 (前分, jeonbun)
- 전신 (前身, jeonsin)
- 전주 (前週, jeonju)
- 전인 (前人, jeonin)
- 등전 (燈前, deungjeon)
- 식전 (食前, sikjeon)
- 혼전 (婚前, honjeon)
- 어전 (御前, eojeon)
- 전연 (前緣, jeonyeon)
- 일전 (日前, iljeon)
- 전일 (前日, jeonil)
- 사전 (死前, sajeon)
- 현전 (現前, hyeonjeon)
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
前: Hán Nôm readings: tiền, tèn
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