-ül

See also: ül, uel, and Appendix:Variations of "ul"

Azerbaijani

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [yl]

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / Ə / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal except after L	-ıl	-il	-ul	-ül
after L	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-ül

1. Form of -il after the vowels Ö / Ü and a consonant other than L.

   ‎döymək (“to beat”) + ‎-ül → ‎döyülmək (“to get beaten”)

   ‎tökmək (“to pour”) + ‎-ül → ‎tökülmək (“to fall out, get spilled”)

Derived terms

See -il.

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [yl]

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-ül

2. (verb-forming suffix) Appended to an adjective to form a middle-voice verb. It is similar to -edik.

   zöld (“green”) → zöldül (“to become (more) green”)

   szép (“beautiful”) → szépül (“to become (more) beautiful”)

Usage notes

• (verb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -ul is added to back-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.

  -ül is added to front-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.

  gyenge (“weak”) → gyengül (“to weaken”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -ül

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ül

2. (case suffix) as, with the intention of (the essive sense of the essive-modal case)

   Synonyms: -ként, -képp/-képpen, (stating the capacity) mint

   meglepetés (“surprise”) → meglepetésül (“as a surprise”)

   vég (“end”) → végül (“finally, eventually”) (literally, “as an/the end”)

4. (adverb-forming suffix) Appended to an adjective to form an adverb (the modal sense of the essive-modal case).

   feltétlen (“unconditional, definite”) → feltétlenül (“unconditionally, definitely”)

   török (“Turkish”) → törökül (“in Turkish”)

Usage notes

   Hungarian case suffixes

Case	Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú	Front vowel
		unrounded e, é, i, í	rounded ö, ő, ü, ű
nominative	—
accusative	-t
	-ot / -at	-et	-öt
dative	-nak	-nek
instrumental	-val	-vel
causal-final	-ért
translative	-vá	-vé
terminative	-ig
essive-formal	-ként
essive-modal	-ul	-ül
inessive	-ban	-ben
superessive	-n
	-on	-en	-ön
adessive	-nál	-nél
illative	-ba	-be
sublative	-ra	-re
allative	-hoz	-hez	-höz
elative	-ból	-ből
delative	-ról	-ről
ablative	-tól	-től
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként.     alma — almában, but almaként     zene ― zenében, but zeneként

• (adverb-forming suffix and case suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -ul is added to back-vowel words. Final -a changes to -á-.

  -ül is added to front-vowel words. Final -e changes to -é-.

Derived terms

Hungarian adverbs suffixed with -ül

See also

• Category:Hungarian verbs taking -ul/-ül
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [yl]

Suffix

	preceding vowel
	A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
postconsonantal except after L	-ıl	-il	-ul	-ül
after L	-ın	-in	-un	-ün
postvocalic	-n

-ül

1. Form of -il after the vowels Ö / Ü and a consonant other than L.

   ‎dövmek (“to beat”) + ‎-ül → ‎dövülmek (“to get beaten”)

   ‎dökmek (“to pour”) + ‎-ül → ‎dökülmek (“to fall out, get spilled”)

Derived terms

See -il.

Volapük

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [yl]

Suffix

-ül

1. offspring, young (of an animal), young organism (animal or plant) (e.g. torül = young bull, bullock; kunül = young cow, heifer; pijunül = young dove or pigeon, squab)
2. Hypocoristic or used to denote affection for the noun.

Usage notes

• In many languages, the diminutive form of a word can also be used to denote not (just) littleness but (also) affection or intimacy (for the word's referent), whereas in Volapük this secondary meaning of the diminutive is split off, since Volapük attempts, somewhat like Lojban, to avoid polysemy.

Derived terms

Volapük terms suffixed with -ül

See also

• -il