Danish

edit

Etymology

edit

Partly Borrowed from Low German -ig, which in Danish has displaced the native suffix Old Danish -ugh; is no longer productive.

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. -y; forms adjectives from nouns

Declension

edit
Inflection of -ig
positive comparative superlative
indefinite common singular -ig -igere -igest2
indefinite neuter singular -igt -igere -igest2
plural -ige -igere -igest2
definite attributive1 -ige -igere -igeste

1 When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
2 The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Derived terms

edit

References

edit

Dutch

edit

Etymology

edit

From Middle Dutch -ich, from Old Dutch -ag, -ig, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-agaz, *-īgaz, *-ugaz, each a variant of a common suffix *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

Pronunciation

edit
  • IPA(key): /əx/, /ɪx/
  • Audio:(file)

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. -y; forms adjectives from nouns
    Synonyms: -achtig, -erig
  2. -ed, having (when attached to a noun preceded by an adjective that describes the noun)
    roodharigred-haired
    dikhuidigthick-skinned
    tweebenigtwo-legged

Declension

edit
Declension of -ig
uninflected -ig
inflected -ige
comparative -iger
positive comparative superlative
predicative/adverbial -ig -iger het -igst
het -igste
indefinite m./f. sing. -ige -igere -igste
n. sing. -ig -iger -igste
plural -ige -igere -igste
definite -ige -igere -igste
partitive -igs -igers

Derived terms

edit

German

edit

Etymology

edit

From Middle High German -ec, -ic, from Old High German -ig, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

Pronunciation

edit
  • IPA(key): /ɪç/ (Germany; less common in southern regiolects)
  • IPA(key): /ɪk/, /ɪɡ̊/, /iɡ̊/ (most common form in southern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland)
  • IPA(key): /ɪɕ/, /ɪʃ/ (all central German dialects)
  • Audio:(file)
  • Audio:(file)

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. -y, -eous; forms adjectives from nouns
    Sonne (sun) + ‎-ig → ‎sonnig (sunny)
    Berg (mountain) + ‎-ig → ‎bergig (mountainous)
  2. forms adjectives from verbs
    zittern (to shiver, to tremble) + ‎-ig → ‎zittrig (shaky, trembling)
    abhängen (to depend) + ‎-ig → ‎abhängig (dependent, addicted)
  3. forms adjectives from adverbs
    heute (today) + ‎-ig → ‎heutig (today's, of today)
    damals (back then, at the time) + ‎-ig → ‎damalig (former, then)

Declension

edit

Note: There are also contracted forms like -'ger.

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. (Switzerland, colloquial) variation of -ung

Derived terms

edit

See also

edit

Hungarian

edit

Etymology

edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

edit

Suffix

edit

-ig (terminative case suffix)

  1. (of place) to, up to
    Az állomásig busszal mentünk, de onnan hazáig már gyalog.We traveled by bus to the station but from there to home we walked.
  2. (of time) until, till
    Ötig dolgozom.I work until five o'clock.
  3. for a specified length of time
    A levél olyan hosszú volt, hogy tíz percig olvastam.The letter was so long that I was reading it for 10 minutes.

Usage notes

edit
Hungarian case suffixes
case back vowel
a, á, o, ó, u, ú
front vowel
unrounded
e, é, i, í
rounded
ö, ő, ü, ű
nominative
accusative -t
-ot / -at -et -öt
dative -nak -nek
instrumental -val -vel
causal-final -ért
translative -vá -vé
terminative -ig
essive-formal -ként1
essive-modal -ul -ül
inessive -ban -ben
superessive -n
-on -en -ön
adessive -nál -nél
illative -ba -be
sublative -ra -re
allative -hoz -hez -höz
elative -ból -ből
delative -ról -ről
ablative -tól -től

1 Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except before -ként.
    almaalmában, but almaként
    zenezenében, but zeneként

  • It has no harmonic variants. It is used by both back-vowel and front-vowel words.
  • The above two senses may be ambiguous when hour or o'clock is mentioned, as in this sentence:
    Két óráig maradunk.We'll stay for two hours OR We'll stay until 2 o'clock.
To avoid this ambiguity, the accusative case may be employed when referring to the duration (Két órát maradunk), and the sentence may be rephrased when referring to the end point (Két óra múlva indulunk – We're leaving in two hours.)
  • (until): With pointlike events or places the meaning is usually clear. However, it is ambiguous when the given event itself lasts for some time or the given object is such that it matters whether it is included, excluded or partially included.
    Szerdáig van időd.You have time until Wednesday.
    • With exclusion: on Wednesday 00:01 A.M. you are already late (rare, one would probably say keddig; until Tuesday)
    • With partial inclusion: the border line is somewhere during the day (most likely)
    • With full inclusion: you have the full Wednesday (also possible)

See also

edit
Hungarian pronominal adverbs from case suffixes (see also postpositions)
case suffix who? what? this that he/she (it)1 verbal prefix category
nominative ki mi ez az ő* / -∅
az / -∅
accusative -t / -ot /
-at / -et / -öt
kit mit ezt azt őt* / -∅
azt / -∅
c1
c2
dative -nak / -nek kinek minek ennek annak neki neki- category
instrumental -val / -vel kivel mivel ezzel/
evvel
azzal/
avval
vele category
causal-final -ért kiért miért ezért azért érte category
translative -vá / -vé kivé mivé ezzé azzá category
terminative -ig meddig eddig addig category
essive-formal -ként (kiként) (miként) ekként akként category
essive-modal -ul / -ül category
inessive -ban / -ben kiben miben ebben abban benne category
superessive -n/-on/-en/-ön kin min ezen azon rajta (rajta-) category
adessive -nál / -nél kinél minél ennél annál nála category
illative -ba / -be kibe mibe ebbe abba bele bele- category
sublative -ra / -re kire mire erre arra rá- category
allative -hoz/-hez/-höz kihez mihez ehhez ahhoz hozzá hozzá- category
elative -ból / -ből kiből miből ebből abból belőle category
delative -ról / -ről kiről miről erről arról róla category
ablative -tól / -től kitől mitől ettől attól tőle category

1Ő and őt refer to human beings; the forms below them might be construed likewise.
Forms in parentheses are uncommon. All Hungarian pronouns / edit this template

Middle English

edit

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. Alternative form of -y

Norwegian Bokmål

edit

Etymology

edit

From -ugr, Old Norse -igr (-y), from *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz (-y), from *-gaz (-y), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos (-y). Certain words also from Low German -ig (-y) or German -ig (-y), from Middle High German -ec, -ic, from Old High German -ig, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz (-y), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos (-y).

Pronunciation

edit
  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. -y; forms adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

edit

Norwegian Nynorsk

edit

Etymology

edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “inherited from Old Norse or derived from Middle Low German loanwords?”)

Pronunciation

edit
  This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. -y; forms adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

edit

See also

edit

Ojibwe

edit

Suffix

edit

-ig

  1. A suffix denoting the third person singular to first- or second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)

Old English

edit

Etymology 1

edit

    From Proto-West Germanic *-ag, -ig. Still distinct in the earliest texts.

    Alternative forms

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Suffix

    edit

    -iġ

    1. -y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs
    Declension
    edit
    Derived terms
    edit
    Descendants
    edit
    • Middle English: -iȝ, -i, -y, -ich

    Etymology 2

    edit

    From Proto-West Germanic *-i, *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-j-, *-ij- (diminutive suffix).

    Alternative forms

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Suffix

    edit

    -ig or -iġ

    1. Suffix creating diminutive nouns from other nouns.
      bōs
    Descendants
    edit

    Old Saxon

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos.

    Suffix

    edit

    -ig

    1. -y; forms adjectives from i-stem nouns and verbs
    edit

    Scottish Gaelic

    edit

    Suffix

    edit

    -ig

    1. slender form of -aig

    Swedish

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Old Norse -agr, -igr, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos. Cognate with English -y. Compare Old English -ig.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Suffix

    edit

    -ig

    1. -y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs
      is (ice) + ‎-ig → ‎isig (icy)
      kunna (be able to, know) + ‎-ig → ‎kunnig (knowledgeable)
    2. -ed (when attached to a compound of an adjective and a noun or verb it describes)
      Han är rödhårig
      He is red-haired

    Usage notes

    edit
    • Often pronounced without the final 'g' (/ɪ/).
    • In (sense 2), "Han är rödhårad" reads like "He is red-hair'ed," as if someone has done "red hair" to him. The same reading is possible in English, but natural in Swedish.

    Declension

    edit
    Inflection of -ig
    Indefinite positive comparative superlative1
    common singular -ig -igare -igast
    neuter singular -igt -igare -igast
    plural -iga -igare -igast
    masculine plural2 -ige -igare -igast
    Definite positive comparative superlative
    masculine singular3 -ige -igare -igaste
    all -iga -igare -igaste

    1 The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
    2 Dated or archaic.
    3 Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

    Derived terms

    edit

    Welsh

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Proto-Celtic *-ikos. Cognate with Cornish -ik, Breton -ig, Proto-Germanic *-igaz, Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Latin -icus.[1]

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Suffix

    edit

    -ig

    1. forms adjectives from nouns, -y
      gwenwyn (poison) + ‎-ig → ‎gwenwynig (poisonous)
      pwys (weight, pound) + ‎-ig → ‎pwysig (important)
      Gwyddel (Irish man) + ‎-ig → ‎Gwyddelig (Irish)
    2. person or object with characteristics of the root word
      lloer (moon) + ‎-ig → ‎lloerig (lunatic)
      ysgol (school) + ‎-ha + ‎-ig → ‎ysgolhaig (scholar)
      calan (first day of the year) + ‎-ig → ‎calennig (New Year's gift)
    3. diminutive suffix, -let
      afon (river) + ‎-ig → ‎afonig (rivulet)
      barwn (baron) + ‎-ig → ‎barwnig (baronet)
      oen (lamb) + ‎-ig → ‎oenig (small ewe lamb)
    4. (chemistry) -ic, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a higher oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -us. For example asid nitrig (nitric acid, HNO3) has more oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrus (nitrous acid, HNO2).

    Derived terms

    edit
    edit

    -edig (forms adjectives from verbs)

    References

    edit
    1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 9

    Further reading

    edit
    • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ig”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies