User:Victar/-dʰh₁-

PIE constructions

• *bʰer-dʰh₁- (“to carry off”) (< *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”))
  • *bʰérdʰh₁-t ~ *bʰr̥dʰh₁-e-t
    • Proto-Hellenic: *éprətʰon
      • Ancient Greek: έπραθον (éprathon)
  • *bʰérdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *pértʰō
      • Ancient Greek: πέρθω (pérthō)
  • *bʰordʰh₁-éye-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *portʰéyō
      • Ancient Greek: πορθέω (porthéō)

• *bʰeyH-dʰh₁- (< *bʰeyH- (“to frighten”))
  • *bʰoydʰh₁-éye-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *boid-
      • Latvian: baĩdît
      • Lithuanian: baidýti
      • Old Prussian: pobaiint
  • *bʰoydʰh₁-ó-s
    • Proto-Italic: *foiðos
      • Latin: foedus (“ugly, foul”)
  • *bʰoydʰh₁-s-ó-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *boisós
      • Latvian: baîss (“terrible”)
      • Lithuanian: baisùs
      • Proto-Slavic: *běsъ (“demon”)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰitʰsós
      • Ancient Greek: *πιθος (*pithos)
        • ⇒ Ancient Greek: πίθηζος (píthēzos)

• *h₁reḱs-dʰh₁- (< *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”))
  • *h₁réḱsdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *erékʰtʰō
      • Ancient Greek: ἐρέχθω (erékhthō, “rend, break”)

• *h₂ewis-dʰh₁- (< *h₂éw-i-s < *h₂ew- (“to perceive”))
  • *h₂éwisdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *awistʰomai
      • Ancient Greek: αἴσθομαι (aísthomai), αἰσθάνομαι (aisthánomai)
    • Proto-Italic: *awizdjō
      • Latin: audiō (“to hear”)

• *h₂reh₁-dʰh₁- (“to think”) (< *h₂reh₁- (“to think; to count”))

• *h₂el-dʰh₁- (< *h₂el- (“to grow”))
  • *h₂éldʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *altʰō (“to heal, grow”)
      • Ancient Greek: ἀλθω (althō), ἀλθαίνω (althaínō)

• *h₂rey-dʰh₁- (“to put in order”) (< *h₂rey- (“to count, arrange”))
  • *h₂réydʰh₁-t ~ *h₂ridʰh₁-ént
    • Proto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: rist (“to put in order”)
  • *h₂réydʰh₁-i-s
    • Proto-Celtic: *rēdis (“simple, easy”)
  • *h₂roydʰh₁-ó-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *raidaz (“ready, arranged”), *raidijaz
    • Proto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: raids (“ready”)

• *h₂ewh₁-dʰh₁- (< *h₂ewh₁- < metathesized *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”))
  • [Term?]
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: աւդ (awd), օդ (ōd)
        • Armenian: օդ (ōd)

• *h₂welh₁-dʰh₁- (< *h₂welh₁- (“to resist”))
  • *h₂wéldʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: veldėti
    • Proto-Germanic: *waldaną
  • *h₂woldʰh₁-éye-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: vàldît
      • Lithuanian: valdýti
  • *h₂woldʰh₁-éh₁-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *volděti
  • *h₂wóldʰh₁-i-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wolstis
      • Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”)
  • Unsorted:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic:
        • Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)

• *h₃er-dʰh₁- (“to increase; high”) (< *h₃er- (“to rise”))

• *gewH-dʰh₁- (< *gewH- (“to call”))
  • *gowdʰ-yé-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaustei
      • Lithuanian: gaũsti, gaudžiù (“to make a sound, hum”, 1sg.)
  • *gowdʰh₁-us
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: gaudùs (“sonorous”)
      • Latvian: gàuds (“miserable”)

• *ǵʰleh₂-dʰh₁- (< *ǵʰleh₂- < metathesized *ǵʰelh₂- (“to shine, sparkle”))

• *gʷerH-dʰh₁- (< *gʷerH- (“to praise”))
  • *gʷr̥dʰh₁-é-ti
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: dzirdēt
      • Lithuanian: girdė́ti
      • Old Prussian: gerdant
      • Sudovian: hirdet
  • *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-éye-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
        • Sanskrit: [script needed] (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)
  • *gʷerdʰh₁-ó-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Old Lithuanian: gerdas (“rumour, prank, messenger”)
    • Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”)

• *gʷǵʰréh₁-dʰh₁- (< *gʷǵʰr-éh₁- < *gʷǵʰer- (“to float, flow”))
  • *gʷǵʰroh₁dʰh₁-éye-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gĵraHdʰHáyati
      • Proto-Iranian: *gĵraHdHáyati
        • Avestan: [script needed] (āγzrādaiieⁱti, “to let rise”)

• *kerH-dʰh₁- (< *kerH- (“spread, pour out”))
  • *kérdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Celtic: *kerdeti
      • Proto-Brythonic: [Term?] (“to walk, go”)}
        • Breton: kerzed
        • Cornish: kerdhes
        • Middle Welsh: kerdet
          • Welsh: cerdded
      • Old Irish: fo·ceird (“places”)

• *kers-dʰh₁- (< *kers- (“to cut (off)”))
  • *kérsdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: [Term?] (kärṣt-)
      • Tocharian B: [Term?] (kärst-)

• *kew-dʰh₁- (< *kewh₂-dʰh₁- < *kewh₂- < metathesized *keh₂u- (“to beat, split”))
  • *kéwdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“to split”)
      • Tocharian A: [Term?] (kot-)
      • Tocharian B: [Term?] (kaut-)
  • Proto-Indo-European: *kuh₂dʰh₁éti (“beat, knock”) (metathesized from *kh₂udʰh₁éti)
    • Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, hammer”)
  • Proto-Indo-European: *kéh₂udʰh₁-eh₂ (“cleaved, separate”)
    • Proto-Italic: *kaudā (“part, tail”)
      • Latin: cauda (“tail”)
  • Proto-Indo-European: *kh₂ewdʰh₁-eh₂ (“cleaved, separate”)
    • Proto-Italic: *kowadek-
      • Latin: caudex (“tree-trunk”)

• *kh₂ey-dʰh₁- (< *kh₂ey-)

• *kleh₂-dʰh₁- (< *kleh₂- (“to put, to lay out”))
  • *kléh₂dʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *klasti (“to put, lay”)

• *krewH-dʰh₁- (< *krewH- (“to pile up, cover”))
  • *kréwdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Germanic: *hreudaną
      • Old English: hrēodan (“to adorn, decorate”)

• *ḱel-dʰh₁- (< *ḱel- (“to hide, conceal”) or *kel- (“to drive”))
  • *ḱéldʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”)

• *ḱleh₃-dʰh₁- (< *ḱleh₃- < metathesized *ḱelh₃- (“to spin”))
  • *ḱleh₃dʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *klṓtʰō
      • Ancient Greek: κλώθω (klṓthō, “to spin”)
  • *h₁é-ḱleh₃dʰh₁-s-t ~ *h₁e-ḱl̥h₃dʰh₁-s-én-t
    • Proto-Hellenic: *éklōsa
      • Ancient Greek: ἔκλωσα (éklōsa)

• *ḱey-dʰh₁- (< *ḱey- (“to fall”))
  • *kéydʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Celtic: *kēdoti (“to fall”)
      • Proto-Brythonic:
        • Middle Breton: coezaff
        • Cornish: koedha
        • Welsh: cwyddaw

• *ḱred-dʰh₁- (“to believe, trust”) (< *ḱred- (“heart”))
  • *ḱréddʰh₁-e-ti

• *ḱyeh₂-dʰh₁- (< *ḱyeh₂- (“to sieve”))
  • *ḱyéh₂dʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ťḗtʰō
      • Ancient Greek: σήθω (sḗthō)

• *leh₂-dʰh₁- (< *leh₂- (“to hide”))
  • *h₁é-leh₂dʰh₁-t ~ *h₁e-lh₂dʰh₁-én-t
    • Proto-Hellenic: *élətʰō
      • Ancient Greek: έλαθō (élathō)
  • *léh₂dʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *lḗtʰō
      • Ancient Greek: λήθω (lḗthō)
  • *lh₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *lh₂-n-dʰh₁-én-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ləntʰánō
      • Ancient Greek: λανθάνω (lanthánō)
  • *léh₂dʰh₁-s-e-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic: *lḗtʰsō
      • Ancient Greek: λήσω (lḗsō)
  • *le-lóh₂dʰh₁-e ~ *le-lh₂dʰh₁-ḗr
    • Proto-Hellenic: *lélētʰa
      • Ancient Greek: λέληθα (lélētha)

• *mens-dʰh₁- (< *men- (“to think, mind”))
  • *mn̥sdʰh₁-
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: μανθάνω (manthánō)
  • *mn̥sdʰh₁-éh₂
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mazdʰáH
  • *mn̥sdʰh₁-ró-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *mundraz

• *ped-dʰh₁- (< *ped- (“to walk”))
  • *poddʰh₁-éye-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padᶻdʰHáyeti
      • Proto-Iranian: *pazdHáyeti
        • Younger Avestan: [script needed] (pazdaiieiti)
        • Parthian: [script needed] (pzdyd)
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (tvaśd-), [script needed] (uspaśd-), [script needed] (naṣpaśd-)

• *pleh₁-dʰh₁- (< *pleh₁- (“to fill up, get full”))
  • *pléh₁dʰh₁-e-ti

• *pelh₂-
  • *pl̥h₂-ú-s
    • *pl̥h₂ú-dʰh₁-e-ti
      • Proto-Italic: *plaudō
        • Latin: plaudō

• *puH-dʰh₁- (< *puH- (“rotten, foul”))
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pū́tʰomai
    • Ancient Greek: πῡ́θομαι (pū́thomai)

• *(s)ker-dʰh₁- (“to cut, pierce”) (< *(s)ker- (“to shave, srape, cut off”))
  • *(s)kérdʰh₁-e-ti

• *(s)pʰen-dʰh₁- (“to bend, stretch”) (< *(s)pʰenh₁- (“to bend, stretch”) < *s-bʰenh₁- < *bʰenh₁-)

• *srew-dʰh₁- (< *srew- (“to flow, stream”))
  • *srudʰh₁-mó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *hrutʰmós
      • Ancient Greek: ῥυθμός (rhuthmós)
  • *srudʰh₁-tó-s
    • Proto-Celtic: *sfrussos (“quick, fast”)
      • Middle Welsh: ffrwst

• *steh₂-dʰh₁- (< *steh₂- (“to stand”))
  • *sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-én-ti
    • Proto-Germanic: *standaną
  • *steh₂dʰ-o-m
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *stàdo
  • *steh₂dʰh₁-ó-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *stōdaz (“flock”)
  • *sth₂dʰh₁-mó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *stətʰmós
      • Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós)

• *strey-dʰh₁- (< *strey- (“to resist”))
  • *streydʰh₁-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *strīdaną (“to stand upright, resist”)

• *swep-dʰh₁- (< *swep- (“to sleep”))
  • *swép-dʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swábdʰHati
      • Proto-Iranian: *hwábdHati
        • Avestan: [script needed] (xᵛabda-, “to fall asleep”)

• *teh₂-dʰh₁- (< *teh₂- (“to thaw, melt”))
  • *teh₂dʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Celtic: *tādeti (“to melt”)
      • Proto-Brythonic: *tọðɨd

• *ten-dh₁-(< *ten-dʰh₁- < *ten- (“to extend”))

• *weys-dʰh₁- (< *weys- (“to raise, carry”))
  • *wéysdʰh₁-e-ti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyždʰHati
      • Proto-Iranian: *wáyždHati
        • Avestan: [script needed] (vōiždat̰, “to raise”)

• *yeh₃s-dʰh₁- (< *yeh₃s- (“to gird”))
  • *yéh₃sdʰh₁-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ζούσθω (zoústhō)

Nominal constructions

• *gew-dʰh₁- (< *gew- (“to curve, bend, twist”))
  • *géwdʰh₁-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *keudō (“bag”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *kuddô

• *Hres-dʰh₁- (< *Hres- (“to sound”))
  • *Hrósdʰh₁-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *razdō

• *kes-dʰh₁- (< *kes- (“to scrape, comb”))
  • *késdʰh₁-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *hezdǭ (“flax fibers”)
  • *kosdʰh₁-ó-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *hazdaz (“hair”)

• *ḱweh₁-dʰh₁- (< *ḱweh₁- < metathesized *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, be strong”))
  • *ḱwéh₁dʰh₁-o-h₁ (dual)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ĉwáHdʰaH
      • Proto-Iranian: *ĉwáHdaH (“army”)

• *meǵh₂-dʰh₁- (< *méǵh₂s (“big, great”))
  • *m̥ǵh₂dʰh₁-ó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *əgatʰós
      • Ancient Greek: ἀγαθός (agathós, “good, noble”)

• *meys-dʰh₁- (< *mey-s- < *mey- (“to change, exchange”))
  • *misdʰh₁-ó-s

• *(s)ph₂e-dʰh₁- (*(s)ph₂e- < metathesized *speh₂- (“to draw, pull”))
  • *(s)ph₂édʰh₁-e-ti
    • Armenian: *panem (perhaps, < *padem + *-nem)
      • Old Armenian: հանեմ (hanem, “to draw, pull out”)
  • *(s)ph₂édʰh₁-eh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *spátʰē
      • Ancient Greek: σπᾰ́θη (spáthē, “any broad blade, of wood or metal”)
        • → Latin: spatha
  • *(s)ph₂édʰh₁-ō ~ *spdʰh₁-nés
    • Proto-Germanic: *spadô

• *werh₁-dʰh₁- (< *werh₁- (“to speak, say”))
  • *werdʰh₁-o-m (“word”)

*-gʰh₃-

Perhaps from *gʰeh₃- (“to go beyond, be the result of”), compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *žō (whence Latvian aiz).

• *der-gʰh₃- (< *der- (“to tear, pluck, slice”))
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dreg-
    • Latvian: dergties (“to feel disgusted”)
    • Latvian: drēgns (“cold and humid”)

• *dʰreh₂-gʰh₃- (“to irritate”) (< *dʰreh₂-)

• *gʷerh₃-gʰh₃- (< *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour, eat”))
  • *gʷr̥h₃-gʰh₃-ónt-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *kragą (“throat; collar”)

• *(s)ker-gʰh₃- (< *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”))
  • *(s)kr̥-né-gʰh₃-ti ~ *(s)kr̥-n-gʰh₃-énti
    • *(s)kr̥ngʰh₃-ó-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (“circle”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (“ring”) (< earlier *hrengaz)
    • *(s)kr̥ngʰh₃-tró-m
      • Proto-Italic: *krengatrom
        • Umbrian: krenkatrum, cringatro

• *steh₂-gʰh₃- (< *steh₂- (“to stand”))
  • *sth₂gʰh₃-nó-s
    • Proto-Celtic: *stagnos (“tin”)

• *swel-gʰh₃- (< *swel- (“to swallow”))
  • *swélgʰh₃-e-ti
    • Proto-Germanic: *swelganą (“to gulp”)

• *ten-gʰh₃- (< *ten- (“to extend”))

Symbols

• C = consonant
• D = voiced stop [b, d, g, ǵ, gʷ]
• F = fricative [f, s, H]
• Η = laryngeal [h₁, h₂, h₃]
• L = liquid [l, r]
• N = nasal [n, m]
• P = stop [D, T]
• R = sonorant [L, N]
• T = voiceless stop [p, t, k, ḱ, kʷ]
• V = vowel

Anatolian constructions

• *dōʔes-dʔ- (< *dōʔós < *dʰoh₁-ó-s < *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”))
  • *dōʔesdʔ-oy-
    • Hittite: [script needed] (ta-a-iš-ta-i /⁠tāištai⁠/, “to load”)

• *sʔes-dʔ- (< *sʔes- < *(s)h₁es- (“harvest, crop”))
  • *sʔḗsdʔ-ti
    • Hittite: [script needed] (še-eš-zi /⁠šešzi⁠/, “to grow”)

• *wr̥ʔy-dʔ- (< *wr̥ʔyéti < *wr̥-h₁y-é-ti (“to be wary”) < *wer- (“to observe, perceive”))
  • *wr̥ʔydʔ-é-ti
    • Hittite: [script needed] (ú-e-ri-ti-iz[-zi] /⁠weritezi⁠/, “to fear, to be frightened”)

Hellenic constructions

• *kʷeléhtʰō (< *kʷelésyō, *kʷeléhyō, *kʷeléyyō (whence τελέω (teléō, “to bring about, complete”)) < *kʷélos (whence τέλος (télos, “completion, result”)) < *kʷél-o-s < *kʷelh₁- (“to turn (around)”))
  • Ancient Greek:

    Attic, Doric, Epic, Ionic: τελέθω (teléthō, “to come into being”)

• *nḗtʰō (< *nḗō (whence νήω (nḗō)) < *snéh₁-e-ti < *sneh₁- (“to spin”))
  • Ancient Greek:

    Attic, Doric, Epic, Ionic: νήθω (nḗthō, “to spin”)

• *peláhtʰō (< *pelásyō, *peláhyō, *peláyyō (whence πελάζω (pelázō), πελάω (peláō, “to get close”)) < *pélas (whence πέλας (pélas, “close by”)) < *pélh₂-s < *pelh₂- (“to approach”))
  • Ancient Greek:

    Attic, Epic: πελάθω (peláthō, “to approach”)

• *pʰtʰinútʰō (< *pʰtʰinúō < *dʰgʷʰi-néw-ti < *dʰgʷʰey- (“to waste away, perish”))
  • Ancient Greek:

    Attic, Doric, Epic, Ionic: φθινύθω (phthinúthō, “to destroy”)