息

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

息 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹山心 (HUP), four-corner 2633₀, composition ⿱自心)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 385, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10601
Dae Jaweon: page 717, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2291, character 4
Unihan data for U+606F

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (息) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
息	*slɯɡ
熄	*slɯɡ
媳	*slɯɡ
鄎	*slɯɡ
瘜	*slɯɡ
蒠	*slɯɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 自 (“nose”) + 心 (“heart”) – to breathe (life) through one’s nose. Note that 自 originally meant “nose” and was later borrowed for “self”.

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sak (“breath; life; to breathe”). Cognate with Jingpho sa' (“to breathe”), Burmese အသက် (a.sak).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

PronunciationEdit

simp. and trad.		息

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xī, xí

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ, ㄒㄧˊ

(Chengdu, SP): xi²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): sik¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhet²
Gan (Wiktionary): xit⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sit

(Meixian, Guangdong): xid⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): xieh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): sĭ
Min Dong (BUC): sék
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sek / siak / sit

(Teochew, Peng'im): sêg⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): xiq (T4)
Xiang (Wiktionary): si⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xī
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: si
  - Wade–Giles: hsi¹
  - Yale: syī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shi
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xí
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sí
  - Wade–Giles: hsi²
  - Yale: syí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xi²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sik¹
  - Yale: sīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: xig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɪk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhet²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬet̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: xit⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕit̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sit
  - Hakka Romanization System: xid`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ɕit̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: xid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ɕit̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /si²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sék
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛiʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sek
  - Tâi-lô: sik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: seg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕiɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siak
  - Tâi-lô: siak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sit
  - Tâi-lô: sit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sid
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕit̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕit̚³²/

Note:

Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taiwan:
- sek/siak - literary;
- sit - vernacular.

(Teochew)

Peng'im: sêg⁴
Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sek
Sinological IPA ^(key): /sek̚²/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: xiq (T4)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɪʔ⁵⁵/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: si⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /si²⁴/
- Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 息
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕi⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕi²¹³/
	Tianjin	/ɕi²¹/ /ɕi⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Qingdao	/si⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/si²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ɕi²¹/
	Xining	/ɕji⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕi¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕi¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕi²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕi²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕi³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕi²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕi³¹/
	Nanjing	/siʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕiəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/ɕiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɕiɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/siəʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/sei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/siʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/si⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/si²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/si²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/sit̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/sit̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sek̚⁵/
	Nanning	/ɬek̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sik̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sik̚³²/ /sit̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/sɛiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/si²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/sek̚²/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/tek̚⁵/ 利～

Middle Chinese: /sɨk̚/

Rime
Character	息
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	蒸 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	相即切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/sɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/siek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sik̚/
Li Rong	/siək̚/
Wang Li	/sĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/si̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*sək/

(Zhengzhang): /*slɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	息	息
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xī	xī
Middle Chinese	‹ sik ›	‹ sik ›
Old Chinese	/*sək/	/*sək/
English	breathe	安息 Ānxī (Iranian country in the western regions, W. Hàn; from Aršaka = Arsaces, founder of the Arsacid dynasty)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	息
Reading #	1/1
No.	13332
Phonetic component	息
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	息
Old Chinese	/*slɯɡ/
Notes	說文自亦聲

DefinitionsEdit

息

to breathe; to pant
to sigh; to blow
to stop; to subside; to cease
to put a stop to; to stop
to rest; to have a rest
to grow; to develop
to calm down; to appease
breath; life
one's own children
interest; dividends
message; news

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 息

一息 (yīxī)
一息奄奄
一息尚存 (yīxīshàngcún)
不息 (bùxī)
人亡政息 (rénwángzhèngxī)
仰人鼻息
仰天太息
仰息
休息 (xiūxi)
休息室 (xiūxishì)
作息 (zuòxī)
保境息民
保息 (bǎoxī)
信息 (xìnxī)
偃兵息甲
偃旗息鼓 (yǎnqíxīgǔ)
假息
停息 (tíngxī)
冢息
出息 (chūxi)
利息 (lìxī)
利息支出
利息收入
加息 (jiāxī)
卷旗息鼓
含息
和息 (héxī)
哱息
喘息 (chuǎnxī)
喙息
嗣息
太息 (tàixī)
奄奄一息 (yǎnyǎnyīxī)
奄息
奔流不息
好消息
姑息 (gūxī)
姑息政策
娩息
子息 (zǐxī)
孳息
安息 (ānxī)
安息年
安息日 (ānxīrì)
安息香 (ānxīxiāng)
官息
宴息
小道消息 (xiǎodào xiāoxī)
少息 (shǎoxī)
居息
屏息 (bǐngxī)
川流不息 (chuānliúbùxī)
帖息
平息 (píngxī)
年息 (niánxī)
庥息
弱息
微息
怠息
息交
息偃
息兵
息哀
息喘
息土
息壤
息夫人
息女 (xīnǚ)
息影 (xīyǐng)
息影林泉
息徒

Etymology 2Edit

simp. and trad.		息
alternative forms		塞 Cantonese; Hakka 蝨／虱 Hakka

PronunciationEdit

Cantonese (Jyutping): sak¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): set

(Meixian, Guangdong): sêd⁵

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sak¹
  - Yale: sāk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: seg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: set
  - Hakka Romanization System: sed`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sed⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /set̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: sêd⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /sɛt̚¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 息
Mandarin	Beijing
	Harbin
	Tianjin
	Jinan
	Qingdao
	Zhengzhou
	Xi'an
	Xining
	Yinchuan
	Lanzhou
	Ürümqi
	Wuhan
	Chengdu
	Guiyang
	Kunming
	Nanjing
	Hefei
Jin	Taiyuan
	Pingyao
	Hohhot
Wu	Shanghai
	Suzhou
	Hangzhou
	Wenzhou
Hui	Shexian
Hui	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha
Xiang	Xiangtan
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/set̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sɐk̚⁵/
	Nanning	/ɬɐk̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sɐk̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)
	Shantou (Min Nan)
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/tit̚⁵/ 曾孫

DefinitionsEdit

息

(Cantonese, Hakka, Hainanese, Leizhou Min) great-grandchild

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 曾孫 (“great-grandson; great-grandchild”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		曾孫, 曾孫子
Mandarin	Beijing	曾孫兒
	Taiwan	曾孫
	Harbin	重孫子, 重孫兒
	Yantai (Muping)	重孫子
	Jinan	重孫, 重孫子
	Luoyang	重孫子
	Wanrong	重孫
	Xi'an	重孫
	Yinchuan	重孫子
	Lanzhou	重孫, 男重孫 †
	Xining	重孫子
	Ürümqi	重孫子
	Wuhan	重孫子, 重孫
	Chengdu	灰灰兒
	Guiyang	重孫孫, 重孫
	Guilin	重孫子
	Liuzhou	息子, 息, 重孫, 息崽 †
	Xuzhou	重孫兒, 重孫, 曾孫兒, 曾孫, 四世孫兒, 四世孫
	Yangzhou	重孫子
	Nanjing	重重, 重孫 †
	Nantong	重孫兒
	Singapore	曾孫
Cantonese	Guangzhou	息
	Hong Kong	息
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	息
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	息
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	息
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	息
	Macau	息
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	息
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	息
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	息
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	息
	Foshan	息
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	息
	Foshan (Shunde)	嘞
	Foshan (Sanshui)	息
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	息
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	息
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	息
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	息
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	息
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	息
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	息
	Taishan	息
	Kaiping (Chikan)	息
	Enping (Niujiang)	息
	Heshan (Yayao)	息
	Dongguan	息
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	息
	Shaoguan	息
	Yunfu	息仔
	Xinyi	息
	Lianjiang	息, 息仔
	Nanning	息, 息仔
	Wuzhou	息
	Yulin	息
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	曾孫
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	息
	Singapore (Guangfu)	息
Gan	Nanchang	曾孫子, 曾孫
	Lichuan	曾孫崽, 曾孫
	Pingxiang	曾孫
Hakka	Meixian	息仔
	Xingning	息哩
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	阿息
	Huidong (Daling)	息仔
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	息仔
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	息孫
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	息子
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	息哩
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	息哩
	Wuhua (Changbu)	息哩
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	息哩
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	阿息
	Wengyuan	息子
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	息子
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	息仔
	Liannan	息子
	Conghua (Lütian)	息
	Jiexi	息
	Luhe	息仔
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	重孫
	Changting	息嫲哩
	Wuping	息嫲子
	Wuping (Yanqian)	息子
	Wuping (Pingyu)	息子
	Liancheng	息哩
	Ninghua	息孫
	Yudu	曾孫, 息孫
	Ningdu	重孫
	Ruijin	曾孫
	Shicheng	玄孫
	Tonggu (Sandu)	曾孫
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	曾孫
	Dayu	曾孫
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	息仔, 息嫲
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	息仔, 息嫲
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	息仔, 息嫲
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	息, 息嫲
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	息仔, 息嫲
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	曾孫, 玄孫
	Hong Kong	息
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	息
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	息仔
	Xinyi (Sihe)	息
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	息
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	倈
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	息
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	息
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	息子
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	孫息, 息子
	Mengshan (Xihe)	息孫
	Luchuan	曾孫
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	重孫
	Sabah (Longchuan)	息仔
	Senai (Huiyang)	息
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	孫息
	Singkawang	息孫
Huizhou	Jixi	重孫
Jin	Taiyuan	重孫子
Jin	Xinzhou	重孫
Min Bei	Jian'ou	息仔
Min Dong	Fuzhou	曾孫
Min Nan	Xiamen	橄欖孫
	Quanzhou	橄欖孫
	Zhangzhou	橄欖孫
	Taipei	橄欖孫
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	橄欖孫
	Kaohsiung	橄欖孫
	Yilan	橄欖孫
	Changhua (Lukang)	橄欖孫
	Taichung	橄欖孫
	Taichung (Wuqi)	橄欖孫
	Tainan	橄欖孫
	Taitung	橄欖孫
	Hsinchu	橄欖孫
	Kinmen	橄欖孫
	Penghu (Magong)	橄欖孫
	Penang (Hokkien)	橄欖孫
	Manila (Hokkien)	橄欖孫
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	息仔
	Shantou	重孫
	Bangkok (Teochew)	重孫
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	橄欖孫
	Leizhou	息
	Haikou	息, 妰𡝃息 †
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	息
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	孫息, 息仔, 重孫仔
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	重孫子
Wu	Shanghai	曾孫, 玄孫
	Shanghai (Chongming)	玄孫
	Suzhou	玄孫
	Danyang	重孫
	Hangzhou	重孫
	Ningbo	重孫
	Wenzhou	玄孫
	Jinhua	玄孫
Xiang	Changsha	曾孫子
	Loudi	曾孫
	Quanzhou	重孫, 息崽
Note	† - distinguishes male gender from gender-neutral term

Etymology 3Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 息 – see 熄 (“to extinguish; to go out; to turn off; to switch off”). (This character, 息, is the second-round simplified form of 熄.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

息

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: そく (soku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: しょく (shoku)^{←しよく (syoku, historical)}
Kun: いき (iki, 息, Jōyō); やすむ (yasumu, 息む); やめる (yameru)
Nanori: やす (yasu)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

子(し)息(そく) (shisoku): (honorific) son
息(そく)女(じょ) (sokujo): (honorific) daughter
息(そく)男(なん) (sokunan): (honorific) son
息(むす)子(こ) (musuko): son; (slang, vulgar) penis
利(り)息(そく) (risoku): interest
令(れい)息(そく) (reisoku): (honorific) son

EtymologyEdit

Kanji in this term
息
いき Grade: 3
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 息 – see the following entry.

【いき】	[noun] breath

(This term, 息, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 息 (MC sɨk̚). Recorded as Middle Korean 식〮 (sík) (Yale: sik) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

息

Wikisource

息 (eumhun 숨쉴 식 (sumswil sik))

Hanja form^? of 식 (“breath”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

소식 (消息, sosik)
안식 (安息, ansik)
휴식 (休息, hyusik)
자식 (子息, jasik)
서식 (棲息, seosik)
탄식 (歎息, tansik)
천식 (喘息, cheonsik)
질식 (窒息, jilsik)
순식간 (瞬息間, sunsikgan)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

OkinawanEdit

KanjiEdit

息

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Kun: いーち (īchi, 息)

EtymologyEdit

Cognate with Japanese 息 (iki).

NounEdit

息 (hiragana いーち, romaji īchi)

breath

Derived termsEdit

一息 (ちゅいーち, chuīchi, “a single breath, puff; a pause; a small effort”)

Pai-langEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *siŋ ~ sik (“tree, wood”). Compare Burmese သစ် (sac, “wood, timber”).

NounEdit

息 (*sik)

wood

ReferencesEdit

Hill, Nathan W. (2017), “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎^[2], volume 103, pages 386—429

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

息: Hán Nôm readings: tức

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