nad
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
nad
- (linguistics) noun animate dependent
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.
Pronunciation edit
Audio (AU) (file)
Noun edit
nad (plural nads)
- (slang, mostly plural) testicle
- 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:
- I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.
Anagrams edit
Czech edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad [+instrumental]
Further reading edit
- nad in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- nad in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
Anagrams edit
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)
Declension edit
See also edit
References edit
Kashubian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Preposition edit
nad
Further reading edit
Masurian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Polish nad.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes approximate location; near, close to [+instrumental]
- denotes movement towards; to [+accusative]
- denotes object over which one has power, care, or over which one has an advantage; over [+instrumental]
- denotes higher position in a hierarchy; over [+instrumental]
- denotes object of action, typically of emotions, i.e. crying; over [+instrumental]
- denotes cause of an emotion; over; because of [+instrumental]
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental]
- denotes a proximate time of day; close to [+instrumental]
- denotes object drawing someone's attention or action; over [+instrumental]
- denotes an amount higher than another; above, over, more than [+accusative]
Further reading edit
Middle English edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Contraction edit
nad
Descendants edit
- Yola: nad
References edit
- “nad”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Old Czech edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad
- Denotes movement; to over, to above [+accusative]
- Denotes movement; to under, to below [+accusative]
- Denotes subject of an attack etc.. [+accusative]
- Denotes a higher position in comparisons; above [+accusative]
- Denotes larger amount; above, more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
- Denotes first degree of comparisons; more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
- With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+accusative]
- Denotes additionality or excess; in addition to [+accusative]
- Denotes a manner contrary to something else. [+accusative]
- Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- Denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over [+instrumental]
- Denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through [+instrumental]
- Denotes target of an action aimed at [+instrumental]
- Denotes subject of power; over, above [+instrumental]
- Denotes subject of emotion; over [+instrumental]
- Denotes contradiction; despite [+instrumental]
Descendants edit
- Czech: nad
References edit
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “nad”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Irish edit
Particle edit
nad
- Alternative spelling of nád
Old Polish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes location; near, close to [+instrumental]
- denotes time; just before [+instrumental]
- denotes cause; because of [+instrumental]
- denotes position in comparison; over, more than [+instrumental] or [+accusative]
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]
- denotes subject of power; above [+instrumental]
- denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis [+instrumental]
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “nad”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “nad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Polish nad.
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /nat/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈnat/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -at
- Syllabification: nad
- Homophone: nad-
Preposition edit
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [+instrumental]
- Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.
- Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [+accusative]
- Antonym: znad
- W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.
- (literary) denotes position in comparison; than; over [+accusative]
- over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [+instrumental]
- Antonym: pod
- Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.
- (literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;
- Synonym: ponad
- Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
- denotes subject of activities; on [+instrumental]
- Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental] or (stylized) [+accusative]
- Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!
- Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.
Derived terms edit
Trivia edit
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References edit
Further reading edit
- nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2008 December 17
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego[4]
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861[5]
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego[6] (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28
Scottish Gaelic edit
Etymology edit
Univerbation of an (“in”) + do (“thy”)
Preposition edit
The template Template:gd-prep does not use the parameter(s):L=1Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
nad (+ dative)
Inflection edit
Serbo-Croatian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)
- over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [+instrumental]
- over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda) [+accusative]
References edit
- “nad” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Silesian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes movement; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes position close to water; by [+instrumental]
- Synonym: kole
- denotes movement close to water; to [+accusative]
- denotes object of certain actions. [+instrumental]
- denotes proximity of a time; around [+instrumental]
- denotes object most affceted by something. [+accusative]
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]
Further reading edit
- nad in silling.org
Slovene edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad
Slovincian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
nad
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [+accusative]
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [+instrumental]
- denotes extension past something; above, beyond [+instrumental]
- over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [+instrumental]
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “nãd”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[7] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 683
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
See na with the same meaning. Compare Latin neque.
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
nad
- (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)
- Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.
- He says that he is not a teacher.
- that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)
- Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.
- He says that he is not going.
See also edit
- mai (affirmative, emphasis)
- taw (affirmative, emphasis)
- na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
nad | unchanged | unchanged | unchanged |
Further reading edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yola edit
Etymology edit
From Middle English nad; equivalent to nat + had.
Pronunciation edit
Contraction edit
nad
References edit
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58