開始

See also: 开始

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	begin
trad. (開始)		開	始
simp. (开始)		开	始

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kāishǐ

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄕˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ ci²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-sṳ́
• Eastern Min (BUC): kăi-sṳ̄
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khai-sí / khui-sí

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kai¹ si²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khe-sy

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kāishǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄕˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kaishǐh
    • Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-shih³
    • Yale: kāi-shř
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaishyy
    • Palladius: кайши (kajši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 開始／开始 開駛／开驶

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: hoi¹ ci²
    • Yale: hōi chí
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ tsi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ qi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-sṳ́
    • Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ sii^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ si³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ sɨ³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kăi-sṳ̄
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^(s-)ly³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-sí
    • Tâi-lô: khai-sí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qaisie
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴¹/
    • IPA (Hui'an): /kʰai³³ si⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kʰai³³ si⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-sí
    • Tâi-lô: khui-sí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: quisie
    • IPA (Philippines): /kʰui³³ si⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kai¹ si²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khai sí
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai³³⁻²³ si⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹khe-sy
    • MiniDict: khe^平 sy
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khe-sr
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

Verb

開始

1. to start; to begin; to commence

   重新開始／重新开始  ―  chóngxīn kāishǐ  ―  to start again

   從今天開始／从今天开始  ―  cóng jīntiān kāishǐ  ―  starting from today

   倒計時現在開始！ [MSC, trad.]
   倒计时现在开始！ [MSC, simp.]

   Dàojìshí xiànzài kāishǐ! [Pinyin]

   The countdown starts now!

   球賽一開始，他以一球打開局面。 [MSC, trad.]
   球赛一开始，他以一球打开局面。 [MSC, simp.]

   Qiúsài yī kāishǐ, tā yǐ yī qiú dǎkāi júmiàn. [Pinyin]

   He hit the ground running with a goal just as the game started.

   這部電視劇太好看了！我已經開始四刷了！ [MSC, trad.]
   这部电视剧太好看了！我已经开始四刷了！ [MSC, simp.]

   Zhè bù diànshìjù tài hǎokàn le! Wǒ yǐjīng kāishǐ sì shuā le! [Pinyin]

   This television drama is so good! I have already begun to watch through it for the fourth time!

Synonyms

edit

• 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
• 權輿／权舆 (quányú) (literary)
• 發端／发端 (fāduān)
• 發軔／发轫 (fārèn) (literary)
• 肇始 (zhàoshǐ) (literary)
• 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
• 萌 (literary, or in compounds)
• 起始 (qǐshǐ)
• 起手 (Cantonese, Eastern Min)
• 起頭／起头 (qǐtóu)
• 開首／开首 (kāishǒu) (Beijing Mandarin)

 

Antonyms

• 結束／结束 (jiéshù)

Noun

開始

1. start; beginning; commencement

   一個好的開始是成功的一半。 [MSC, trad.]
   一个好的开始是成功的一半。 [MSC, simp.]

   Yī ge hǎo de kāishǐ shì chénggōng de yībàn. [Pinyin]

   Well begun is half done.

   人生永遠沒有太晚的開始。 [MSC, trad.]
   人生永远没有太晚的开始。 [MSC, simp.]

   Rénshēng yǒngyuǎn méiyǒu tài wǎn de kāishǐ. [Pinyin]

   No beginning has ever been proved to be too late.

Synonyms

edit

• 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
• 序幕 (xùmù) (figurative)
• 發端／发端 (fāduān)
• 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
• 萌 (literary)
• 起始 (qǐshǐ)
• 起頭／起头 (qǐtóu)
• 起頭先／起头先 (kī-tàu-sĕng) (Eastern Min)
• 開端／开端 (kāiduān)
• 開頭／开头 (kāitóu)
• 首端 (shǒuduān)

 

Derived terms

• 一開始／一开始 (yīkāishǐ)
• 自……開始／自……开始

 

Further reading

• “Entry #50008”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	始
かい Grade: 3	し Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かいし [kàíshí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠iɕi]

Noun

開(かい)始(し) • (kaishi) 

1. start; beginning; initiation

   Synonyms: 到来 (tōrai), 着手 (chakushu)

   Antonyms: 終了 (shūryō), 終結 (shūketsu), 完了 (kanryō)

   Hyponyms: 起工 (kikō, “starting construction”), 着工 (chakkō, “starting construction”)

Derived terms

• 開(かい)始日(しび) (kaishibi): start day, beginning day

Verb

開(かい)始(し)する • (kaishi suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 開(かい)始(し)し (kaishi shi), past 開(かい)始(し)した (kaishi shita))

1. to start; to begin; to initiate
   • 1940, 岸田國士, けむり（ラヂオ物語）:

     翌日(よくじつ)は、もう、測(そく)量(りょう)班(はん)が作(さ)業(ぎょう)を開(かい)始(し)します。

     Yokujitsu wa, mō, sokuryō-han ga sagyō o kaishi shimasu.

     The surveying team is already starting work the next day.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開始する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開始し	かいしし	kaishi shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開始し	かいしし	kaishi shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開始する	かいしする	kaishi suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開始する	かいしする	kaishi suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開始すれ	かいしすれ	kaishi sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開始せよ¹ 開始しろ²	かいしせよ¹ かいししろ²	kaishi seyo¹ kaishi shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開始される	かいしされる	kaishi sareru
Causative	開始させる 開始さす	かいしさせる かいしさす	kaishi saseru kaishi sasu
Potential	開始できる	かいしできる	kaishi dekiru
Volitional	開始しよう	かいししよう	kaishi shiyō
Negative	開始しない	かいししない	kaishi shinai
Negative continuative	開始せず	かいしせず	kaishi sezu
Formal	開始します	かいしします	kaishi shimasu
Perfective	開始した	かいしした	kaishi shita
Conjunctive	開始して	かいしして	kaishi shite
Hypothetical conditional	開始すれば	かいしすれば	kaishi sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• 始(はじ)める (hajimeru) (transitive)
• 始(はじ)まる (hajimaru) (intransitive)

References

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
開	始

Noun

開始 • (gaesi) (hangeul 개시)

1. hanja form^? of 개시 (“start, beginning”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
開	始

Verb

開始

1. chữ Hán form of khai thuỷ (“to start, to begin”).