這

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

這 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜卜一口 (YYMR), four-corner 3030₆, composition ⿺辶言)

Derived charactersEdit

𥳅𬰊𰫲𰫎𰧟𤡖

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1258, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38889
Dae Jaweon: page 1743, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3844, character 5
Unihan data for U+9019

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (言) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
唁	*ŋrans
這	*ŋrans
言	*ŋan
琂	*ŋan
圁	*ŋrɯn
誾	*ŋrɯn
訔	*ŋrɯn
狺	ŋrɯn, ŋɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋrans): semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 言 (OC *ŋan).

The character was originally a verb meaning “to meet”, whose modern pronunciation is yàn. It was later borrowed for the proximal demonstrative “this/here”, by a confusion in medieval handwriting with 遮 (zhē, “this”).

Etymology 1Edit

trad.		這
simp.		这
alternative forms		遮 archaic 者 archaic 只 archaic 拓 archaic 迓 (liá; yá) Hakka 遮 archaic 者 archaic 只 archaic 拓 archaic 迓 (liá; yá) Hakka 邇／迩 (liá; yá) Hakka 即 (chit) Hokkien

First attested in the Tang Dynasty; etymology unclear. Proposed etymologies:

From 者 (OC *tjaːʔ, “one which”) (Lü, 1985). Wang (1990) notes that 者 always occurs after what is referred to, where as 這 always before.
者 (OC *tjaːʔ, “one which”) > 者 (MC t͡ɕia^X, “this (possessive case)”) > 者 (MC t͡ɕia^X, “this (general demonstrative)”) > Mandarin 這 (zhè).
From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; it”) (Wang, 1990). Norman (1988) notes that this derivation would be phonologically problematic.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhè, zhèi (zhe⁴, zhei⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˋ, ㄓㄟˋ

(Chengdu, SP): ze⁴

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җы (žɨ, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): ze², ze³, ze⁵

(Taishan, Wiktionary): die¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ché / liá / yá / ngiá

(Meixian, Guangdong): zê³ / gê³ / ê³
Jin (Wiktionary): zeh⁴ / zei³
Min Dong (BUC): ciē
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ché / chí / che / chit / chiá

(Teochew, Peng'im): zê²
Wu (Wiktionary): tse (T2); tseq (T4)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhè
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeh
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhè
  - Wade–Giles: chê⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhèi
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄟˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jey
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhèi
  - Wade–Giles: chei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂeɪ̯⁵¹/

Note: zhèi - colloquial contraction of 這一 (zhèyī), used when it is followed by classifier or numeral + classifier.

- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ze⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ze
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛ²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җы (žɨ, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ze², ze³, ze⁵
  - Yale: jé, je, jéh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dze², dze³, dze⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: zé², zé³, zé⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛː³⁵/, /t͡sɛː³³/, /t͡sɛː¹³/

Note: ze3, ze5 - rare.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: die¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tiɛ³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ché / liá / yá / ngiá
  - Hakka Romanization System: ze` / lia` / ia` / ngia`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ze³ / lia³ / ya³ / ngia³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡se³¹/, /li̯a³¹/, /i̯a³¹/, /ɲi̯a³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ché / yá / ngiá
  - Hakka Romanization System: ze` / (r)ia` / ngia`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ze³ / ya³ / ngia³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡se³¹/, /(j)i̯a³¹/, /ɲi̯a³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zê³ / gê³ / ê³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡se³¹/, /ke³¹/, /e³¹/

Note:

ché, zê3 - literary;
liá/yá, gê3/ê3 - may be etymologically unrelated to the Mandarin readings.

Jin

(Taiyuan)⁺
- Wiktionary: zeh⁴ / zei³
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡səʔ²/, /t͡sei⁴⁵/

Note: zei3 - determiner (contraction of 這一 (zeh4 ieh4)).

Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciē
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sie³³/

Note: literary.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ché
  - Tâi-lô: tsé
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zea
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡se⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chí
  - Tâi-lô: tsí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cie
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: che
  - Tâi-lô: tse
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zef
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡se⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit
  - Tâi-lô: tsit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cid
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕit̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕit̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiá
  - Tâi-lô: tsiá
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciar
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕia⁵³/

Note:

ché/chí/che - pronoun (chí usually written as 只), may be etymologically unrelated to the Mandarin readings;
chit - determiner (contraction of 這一), may be etymologically unrelated to the Mandarin readings;
chiá - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: zê²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsé
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡se⁵²/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: tse (T2); tseq (T4)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡se̞³⁴/, /t͡səʔ⁵⁵/

DefinitionsEdit

這

this; these
看這本書。 / 看这本书。 ― Kàn zhè běn shū. ― Read this book.

這是一個老故事。 / 这是一个老故事。 ― Zhè shì yī ge lǎo gùshì. ― This is an old story.
- 這不是你的書，這是我的書。 [MSC, trad.]
  这不是你的书，这是我的书。 [MSC, simp.]
  Zhè bù shì nǐ de shū, zhè shì wǒ de shū. [Pinyin]
  This is not your book, it's mine.
- 這個就很好，就買這個吧。 [MSC, trad.]
  这个就很好，就买这个吧。 [MSC, simp.]
  Zhè ge jiù hěn hǎo, jiù mǎi zhè ge ba. [Pinyin]
  This is really good. Buy this one.
Synonym of 這樣／这样 (zhèyàng, “like this; such”).
這可不行！ / 这可不行！ ― Zhè kě bùxíng! ― This is not okay!
at this moment; right away; at once
我這就去。 / 我这就去。 ― Wǒ zhè jiù qù. ― I'll go now.
here
Used before words for insults to add emphasis.
你這個傻逼 / 你这个傻逼 ― nǐ zhège shǎbī ― you fucking idiot
filler particle usually used when the speaker is tongue-tied.
meaningless particle in a sentence.

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 這 (“this”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		此, 斯, 是, 之, 茲 anteclassical, 夫, 爾
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		這
Mandarin	Beijing	這
	Taiwan	這
	Malaysia	這
	Singapore	這
Cantonese	Guangzhou	呢, 依
	Hong Kong	呢, 依
	Macau	呢
	Taishan	該
	Dongguan	呢
	Yangjiang	果
	Nanning	阿
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	呢
	Singapore (Guangfu)	呢, 依
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	這
	Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian)	這
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu)	這
	Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu)	這
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping)	這
	Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an)	這
	Kuching (Hepo)	呢
Huizhou	Jixi	爾
Min Dong	Fuzhou	只, 者, 嚽
	Fuqing	者
	Singapore (Fuqing)	者
Min Nan	Xiamen	這
	Quanzhou	只, 這
	Zhangzhou	這
	Zhao'an	只
	Taipei	這
	Penang (Hokkien)	這
	Singapore (Hokkien)	這
	Manila (Hokkien)	這
	Chaozhou	只
	Shantou	只
	Jieyang	只
	Haifeng	只
	Singapore (Teochew)	只
	Batam (Teochew)	只
	Wenchang	這
	Haikou	這
	Singapore (Hainanese)	這
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	亞
Wu	Shanghai	搿, 迭 old-style, 第 obsolete
Wu	Wenzhou	個

Dialectal synonyms of 這裡 (“here”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		斯, 此
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		這裡, 此處 formal, 此 formal
Mandarin	Beijing	這兒, 這兒合兒 colloquial, 這合兒 colloquial
	Taiwan	這, 這裡
	Tianjin	這兒, 這兒合兒
	Jinan	這裡
	Xi'an	這搭兒
	Wuhan	這裡, 這塊, 這塊歇
	Chengdu	這兒
	Guilin	這塏
	Liuzhou	這塏
	Yangzhou	這塊
	Hefei	這塊, 這蒿子
	Malaysia	這裡
	Singapore	這裡
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	這點, 這古
Cantonese	Guangzhou	呢度, 呢處, 依度
	Hong Kong	呢度, 呢處, 依度, 依處
	Macau	呢度
	Taishan	該, 該處, 該埞
	Yangjiang	該, 該處, 該處塗
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	呢度
	Singapore (Guangfu)	呢度
Gan	Nanchang	箇𥚃
Hakka	Meixian	這仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	這位
	Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian)	這位, 這息
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu)	這位
	Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu)	這位, 這位項
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping)	這位
	Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an)	這位, 這
	Kuching (Hepo)	呢邊
Jin	Taiyuan	這裡, 這兒家
Min Dong	Fuzhou	只塊, 只裡, 租塊
Min Nan	Xiamen	遮, 這帶, 這跡, 這位, 這搭
	Quanzhou	遮, 這帶, 這跡, 這位, 這搭
	Jinjiang	這跡, 這位
	Hui'an	這搭
	Zhangzhou	遮, 這帶, 這位, 這位仔
	Taipei	遮
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	遮
	Kaohsiung	遮
	Yilan	遮
	Changhua (Lukang)	遮
	Taichung	遮
	Tainan	遮
	Hsinchu	遮
	Kinmen	遮
	Penghu (Magong)	遮
	Penang (Hokkien)	這落, 這爿
	Singapore (Hokkien)	這兜, 這爿
	Manila (Hokkien)	遮, 這搭, 這位, 這路, 這爿
	Chaozhou	只塊
	Shantou	只塊
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	這爿
	Singapore (Teochew)	只塊
	Wenchang	這裡
	Haikou	這帶
	Qionghai	這裡, 這路
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	亞啲
Wu	Shanghai	搿搭, 搿搭塊, 搿搭裡, 迭搭 old-style, 迭搭塊 old-style, 迭搭裡 old-style, 此地, 此地塊, 此地塊搭
	Suzhou	該搭, 搿搭
	Wenzhou	該頭, 該柢, 柢, 彀, 彀宕
Xiang	Changsha	咯裡, 咯塊子
Xiang	Shuangfeng	咯裡

AntonymsEdit

那 (nà, “that, those”)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 這

這山望著那山高／这山望着那山高 (zhè shān wàng zhe nà shān gāo)
這年／这年
這廂／这厢
這廝／这厮
這忽兒／这忽儿
這搭／这搭 (zhèdā)
這搭兒／这搭儿 (zhèdār)
這早晚／这早晚 (zhè zǎowǎn)
這早晚兒／这早晚儿 (zhè zǎowǎr)
這時候／这时候
這會兒／这会儿 (zhèhuìr)
這會子／这会子
這樣／这样 (zhèyàng)
這樣一來／这样一来 (zhèyàngyīlái)
這次／这次 (zhècì)
這步田地／这步田地
這注／这注
這溜兒／这溜儿
這番／这番
這當兒／这当儿
這的／这的 (zhède)
這的是／这的是

這程子／这程子
這筆帳／这笔帐
這等／这等 (zhèděng)
這般／这般 (zhèbān)
這般如此／这般如此
這般說來／这般说来
這般這般／这般这般
這號事／这号事
這行子／这行子
這裡／这里 (zhèlǐ)
這輩子／这辈子
這邊／这边 (zhèbiān)
這陣／这阵 (zhèzhèn)
這陣兒／这阵儿 (zhèzhènr)
這頭／这头
這馬／这马 (chit-má)
這麼／这么 (zhème)
這麼些／这么些
這麼樣／这么样 (zhèmeyàng)
這麼著／这么着 (zhèmezhe)
這麼點兒／这么点儿 (zhèmediǎnr)

Etymology 2Edit

trad.		這
simp.		这

Original meaning of this character. It is part of the 迎 (OC *ŋaŋ, *ŋraŋs, “to face, to meet”) word family; see there for more.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yàn (yan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jin⁶
Min Nan (POJ): gān

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: yàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
  - Wade–Giles: yen⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jin⁶
  - Yale: yihn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jin⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yin⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːn²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gān
  - Tâi-lô: gān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡan²²/

Middle Chinese: /ŋˠiᴇn^H/

Rime
Character	這
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	Chongniu III
Fanqie	魚變切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiᴇn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚiɛn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiæn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋian^H/
Li Rong	/ŋjɛn^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭɛn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ɛn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋrans/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	這
Reading #	1/1
No.	14270
Phonetic component	言
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	彥
Old Chinese	/*ŋrans/
Notes	今表近指另爲適（之石切）省文

DefinitionsEdit

這

^† to welcome; to greet; to receive

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

這

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

crawl, creep, grovel
this

ReadingsEdit

From Middle Chinese 這 (MC ŋˠiᴇn^H, “to receive”):

Go-on: げん (gen)
Kan-on: げん (gen)
Kun: むかえる (mukaeru, 這える)^{←むかへる (mukaferu, historical)}; はう (hau, 這う)^{←はふ (fafu, historical)}

From Mandarin 這 (zhè, “this”):

Kan’yō-on: しゃ (sha)
Kun: この (kono, 這); これ (kore, 這)

CompoundsEdit

KoreanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle Chinese; compare Mandarin 這／这 (zhè).

PronunciationEdit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕɘ(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [저(ː)]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

HanjaEdit

這 (eumhun 이 저 (i jeo))

Hanja form^? of 저 (“this; that”). [affix]

Usage notesEdit

The original meaning is "this". In certain words, it has been conflated with native Korean 저 (jeo, “that”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

저저 (這這, jeojeo)
저간 (這間, jeogan)
저반 (這般, jeoban)
저번 (這番, jeobeon)
저번주 (這番週, jeobeonju)

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle Chinese 這 (MC ŋˠiᴇn^H).

PronunciationEdit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɘ(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [언(ː)]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

HanjaEdit

這 (eumhun 맞을 언 (majeul eon))

Hanja form^? of 언 (“to greet”). [only in Chinese]

Usage notesEdit

Used only in the reading of Classical Chinese; no Korean word appears to use this hanja.

Middle KoreanEdit

Glyph originEdit

Simplified from 邊 (“edge”), used as hungaja for similarly pronounced ᄀᆞᆺ〯 (kǒs, “edge”).

NounEdit

這 (kàs) (hangeul 갓)

Idu script spelling of 갓 (kàs, “kind, variety”)

Usage notesEdit

Probably only found as reduplicated 這這, Idu spelling of the adverb 갓갓 (kàs-kàs, “of each kind”).

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

這: Hán Nôm readings: giá, gió

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