Wiktionary

史

See also: 吏 and 更
史 U+53F2, 史
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F2
← 叱
[U+53F1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 右 →
[U+53F3]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

史 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中大 (LK), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻口乂)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 173, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3249
  • Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 571, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+53F2

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 史
alternative forms 㕜

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 史
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (史) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吏 *rɯs
倳 *ʔsrɯs
剚 *ʔsrɯs
事 *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs
史 *srɯʔ
使 *srɯʔ, *srɯs
駛 *srɯʔ, *srɯs

Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a fountain pen resembling 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs)

Etymology edit

"to send, to employ, to cause"
Causative derivation of 理 (OC rəʔ) "envoy (Zuo)" , "jail-official" (Guanzi), "marriage go-between", which is perhaps the same word as 理 (OC rəʔ) "to administer" (Schuessler 2007); the sense "scribe, historian" is derived from this.
"scribe, historian"
Possibly from Austroasiatic; Schuessler (2007) compared 理 (OC *rɯʔ), 吏 (OC *rɯs, “official”), 史 (OC *srɯʔ, “scribe, historian”), and 使 (OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs, “ambassador”) to Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-.
Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • sír/sú/sí - literary;
  • sái - vernacular.
Note: su2 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
Rime
Character 史
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 踈士切
Baxter sriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ʃiəX/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		si2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 史
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sriX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-rəʔ/
English scribe

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 史
Reading # 1/1
No. 11487
Phonetic
component 		史
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		史
Old
Chinese 		/*srɯʔ/

Definitions edit

史

  1. history
    歐洲史／欧洲史  ―  Ōuzhōu shǐ  ―  European history
    近代史  ―  jìndàishǐ  ―  modern history
    史無前例／史无前例  ―  shǐwúqiánlì  ―  unprecedented (literally, “no precedent in history”)
  2. (historical) court historian; scribe
  3. historical record; book recording history
    正史  ―  zhèngshǐ  ―  official historical records
    《二十四史》  ―  “èrshísìshǐ”  ―  Twenty-Four Histories
  4. a surname
    史可法  ―  Shǐ Kěfǎ  ―  Shi Kefa

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji in this term
史
Grade: 5

Kanji edit

史

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. record, recording
  2. history

Readings edit

Proper noun edit

史(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) 

  1. a male given name

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 史 (MC sriX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] ᄉᆞ〯긧〮 (Yale: sǒkúy-s) ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ)

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

史 (eumhun 사기(史記) 사 (sagi sa))

  1. Hanja form? of 사 (“history”). [noun, suffix]

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

史: Hán Nôm readings: sử

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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