Wiktionary

更

See also: 史 and 吏
更 U+66F4, 更
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4
← 曳
[U+66F3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 曵 →
[U+66F5]

更 U+F901, 更
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901
← 豈
[U+F900] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 車 →
[U+F902]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

更 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 10506, composition ⿱一⿻日乂)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 502, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14283
  • Dae Jaweon: page 874, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 20, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+66F4

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 更
alternative forms 㪅

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 更
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
更 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs
粳 *kraːŋ
埂 *kraːŋ, *kraːŋʔ
浭 *kraːŋ
稉 *kraːŋ
梗 *kraːŋʔ
哽 *kraːŋʔ
綆 *kraːŋʔ
鯁 *kraːŋʔ
挭 *kraːŋʔ
骾 *kraːŋʔ
郠 *kraːŋʔ
硬 *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs
鞕 *ŋɡraːŋs
丙 *pqraŋʔ
炳 *praŋʔ
邴 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
怲 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
苪 *praŋʔ
蛃 *praŋʔ
昺 *praŋʔ
昞 *praŋʔ
窉 *praŋʔ
柄 *praŋʔ, *praŋs
鈵 *praŋs
寎 *praŋs
病 *braŋs

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意), showing two chariots (丙). Later 攴 was added and a 丙 omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (㪅), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs): abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (“two chariots”) + semantic 攴 (“hand holding a whip; action”). The remaining 丙 eventually corrupted into a shape similar to 雨.

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.
Note: literary reading.
Note:
  • 1ken - literary;
  • 1kan - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 更 (更換)
Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kəŋ²¹/
Jinan /kəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /kəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kəŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /kəŋ²¹/
Xining /kə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ken²¹³/
Kunming /kə̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kən³¹/
Hefei /kən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ¹¹/ ～換
/t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五～
Pingyao /kəŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kã⁵³/
/kəŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /kã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ken³³/
Wenzhou /kiɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³¹/
/kɛ³¹/ 打～
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kən³³/
Xiangtan /kən³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打～
Hakka Meixian /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ⁵³/
Nanning /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kĩ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaiŋ³³/
/kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三～
Shantou (Min Nan) /keŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ²³/
/kɔŋ²³/
Rime
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古行切
Baxter kaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gang1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁraŋ/
English change (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
No. 866
Phonetic
component 		丙
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		庚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːŋ/

Definitions edit

更

  1. to change; to replace
  2. to take turns; to rotate
  3. to experience
  4. 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 2 edit

Note: vernacular reading.
Rime
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古行切
Baxter kaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gēng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gang1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁraŋ/
English change (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 更
Reading # 1/2
No. 866
Phonetic
component 		丙
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		庚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːŋ/

Definitions edit

更

  1. (historical) watch (of a sentry)
    三更  ―  sāngèng  ―  third watch
  2. (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
  3. (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period
    一日三更，每更八個鐘。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    一日三更，每更八个钟。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jat1 jat6 saam1 gaang1, mui5 gaang1 baat3 go3 zung1. [Jyutping]
    [There are] three shifts each day, eight hours each shift.

Compounds edit

Pronunciation 3 edit

Note: literary reading.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 更 (更加)
Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /kəŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /kəŋ⁵³/
Jinan /kəŋ²¹/
Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /kəŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /kəŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /kə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /kəŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /kə̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /kɤŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /kən³⁵/
Chengdu /kən¹³/
Guiyang /ken²¹³/
Kunming /kə̃¹/
Nanjing /kən⁴⁴/
Hefei /kən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /kəŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /kəŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /kən⁵¹/
Hangzhou /ken⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /kiɛ⁴²/
Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³²⁴/
Tunxi /kiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kən⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kən⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ken⁵³/
Taoyuan /ken⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ³³/
Nanning /kɐŋ³³/
Hong Kong /kɐŋ³³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kiŋ²¹/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaiŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaiŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /keŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /keŋ³⁵/
/kɔŋ³⁵/
Rime
Character 更
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古孟切
Baxter kaengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong 		/kɐŋH/
Wang
Li 		/kɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gang3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 更
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gèng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kængH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁraŋ-s/
English still more

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 更
Reading # 2/2
No. 879
Phonetic
component 		丙
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		更
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːŋs/

Definitions edit

更

  1. more; even more
    我的裙子更漂亮！  ―  Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang!  ―  My skirt is even more beautiful!
    加拿大的房子比美國的更貴。 [MSC, trad.]
    加拿大的房子比美国的更贵。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]
    Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.
  2. (literary or Hong Kong) further; also

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

  • → Vietnamese: càng

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

更

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. grow late
  2. night watch
  3. of course
  4. renew

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
更
さら
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
【新さら】2
[noun] something new and unused
[proper noun] a female given name
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
更
こもごも
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
【こもごも】
[adverb] alternating; one after another
[adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
Alternative spellings
交々, 交, 相
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
更
ふ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 更 – see the following entry.
【更ふけ】
[noun] growing late
[noun] Short for 深田(ふけだ) (fukeda, “muddy rice field​”).
Alternative spelling
深
(This term, 更, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
更
こう
Grade: S
on’yomi

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

更(こう) • (kō) ←かう (kau)?

  1. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China

References edit

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaengH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ[1] Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 다시 ᄀᆡᆼ Recorded as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (Yale: koyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
  1. ^ 去聲

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɛ(ː)ŋ] ~ [ke̞(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [갱(ː)/겡(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

更 (eumhun 다시 갱 (dasi gaeng))

  1. Hanja form? of 갱 (“again”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 2 edit

From Middle Chinese 更 (MC kaeng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 고틸 ᄀᆡᆼ Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 고칠 경 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 경 (Yale: kyeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation edit

Hanja edit

更 (eumhun 고칠 경 (gochil gyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 경 (“to change; to fix”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

更: Hán Việt readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][3]
更: Nôm readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][2], cành[1], gánh[2], ngạnh[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of canh (“to watch; to guard”).

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
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