法

See also: 灋

法	U+6CD5, 法 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CD5

← 泔
[U+6CD4]

CJK Unified Ideographs

泖 →
[U+6CD6]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Stroke order

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 616, character 11
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17290
Dae Jaweon: page 1010, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1579, character 4
Unihan data for U+6CD5

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		法
alternative forms		㳒灋𢌇佱𣳴

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 法
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (法) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
法	*pqab
灋	*pqab

Simplified from earlier 灋, which was originally used to represent 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside; to abrogate”).

Etymology 1Edit

Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan བབས (babs, “shape, form, appearance”), དབྱིབས (dbyibs, “shape, form, figure”). Possibly cognate with 凡 (OC *bom, “all, general, every; pattern, general rule”); see there for more.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): fǎ, fā, fá (fa³, fa¹, fa²)

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇ, ㄈㄚ, ㄈㄚˊ

(Chengdu, SP): fa²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фа (fa, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): faat³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): fat²
Gan (Wiktionary): fat⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fap

(Meixian, Guangdong): fab⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): fah⁴
Min Bei (KCR): huă
Min Dong (BUC): huák
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hoat

(Teochew, Peng'im): huab⁴ / huag⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): ⁴faq
Xiang (Wiktionary): fa⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fǎ
  - Wade–Giles: fa³
  - Yale: fǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faa
  - Palladius: фа (fa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fā
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fa
  - Wade–Giles: fa¹
  - Yale: fā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fa
  - Palladius: фа (fa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fá
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fá
  - Wade–Giles: fa²
  - Yale: fá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: far
  - Palladius: фа (fa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä³⁵/

Note:

fǎ - normal pronunciation;
fā - used in some colloquial words (e.g. 法兒 (“method”) in 沒法兒 and 想個法兒);
fá - used in 法子 (“method”) and 法兒 (“method”).

(Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: fa²
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fa
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa²¹/
(Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фа (fa, I)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa²⁴/
(Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

Cantonese

(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
- Jyutping: faat³
- Yale: faat
- Cantonese Pinyin: faat⁸
- Guangdong Romanization: fad³
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /faːt̚³/
(Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: fat²
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /fat̚⁵⁵/

Gan

(Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: fat⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /fat̚⁵/

Hakka

(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fap
- Hakka Romanization System: fab`
- Hagfa Pinyim: fab⁵
- Sinological IPA: /fap̚²/
(Meixian)
- Guangdong: fab⁵
- Sinological IPA: /fap̚¹/

Jin

(Taiyuan)⁺
- Wiktionary: fah⁴
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /faʔ²/

Min Bei

(Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huă
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua²⁴/

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: huák
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɑʔ²⁴/

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoat
- Tâi-lô: huat
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoad
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /huat̚⁵/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /huat̚³²/
(Teochew)
- Peng'im: huab⁴ / huag⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huap / huak
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /huap̚²/, /huak̚²/

Note:

huab4 - Chaozhou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping, Pontianak;
huag4 - Shantou, Chenghai.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ⁴faq
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /fa̱ʔ⁵⁵/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: fa⁶
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɸa̠²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 法
Mandarin	Beijing	/fa²¹⁴/ /fa⁵¹/
	Harbin	/fa²¹³/
	Tianjin	/fɑ⁴⁵/ ～子 /fɑ¹³/ 方～,～國
	Jinan	/fa²¹³/
	Qingdao	/fa⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/fa²⁴/
	Xi'an	/fa²¹/
	Xining	/fa⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/fa¹³/
	Lanzhou	/fa¹³/
	Ürümqi	/fa⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/fa²¹³/
	Chengdu	/fa³¹/
	Guiyang	/fa²¹/
	Kunming	/fa̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/fɑʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/fɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/faʔ²/
	Pingyao	/xuʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/faʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/faʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/faʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/fɑʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ho²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/faʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/fuːə⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/fa²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɸɒ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/faʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/fap̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/fɑp̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fat̚³/
	Nanning	/fat̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/fat̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/huat̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/huɑʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xua²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/huak̚²/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/fak̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: /pɨɐp̚/

Rime
Character	法
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	凡 (148)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	方乏切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨɐp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/piɐp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/piɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puap̚/
Li Rong	/piɐp̚/
Wang Li	/pĭwɐp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/pi̯wɐp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fa
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faat³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[p.k]ap/

(Zhengzhang): /*pqab/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	法
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ pjop ›
Old Chinese	/*[p.k]ap/
English	model, law
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	法
Reading #	1/1
No.	2867
Phonetic component	法
Rime group	盍
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	法
Old Chinese	/*pqab/
Notes	說文灋省文

DefinitionsEdit

法

law; rule; regulation; statute
法院 ― fǎyuàn ― court of law

立法 ― lìfǎ ― to legislate

犯法 ― fànfǎ ― to break the law

普通法 ― pǔtōngfǎ ― common law

著作權法／著作权法 ― zhùzuòquánfǎ ― copyright law
norm; standard; model; example
法書／法书 ― fǎshū ― model calligraphy

語法／语法 ― yǔfǎ ― grammar
to imitate; to emulate
效法 ― xiàofǎ ― to imitate

師法／师法 ― shīfǎ ― to imitate
method; way; solution
歸納法／归纳法 ― guīnàfǎ ― inductive reasoning
(Buddhism) dharma; principle of the universe; teachings of Buddha
法輪／法轮 ― fǎlún ― dharmachakra

末法時期／末法时期 ― mò fǎ shíqī ― Dharma-ending age
magic; magic arts; sorcery; witchcraft
施法 ― shīfǎ ― to cast a spell
40th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "law" (𝌭)
a surname

Usage notesEdit

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciations fā and fá.

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 法

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (法):

→ Japanese: 法(ほう) (hō)
→ Korean: 법(法) (beop)
→ Vietnamese: pháp (法)

Others:

→ Proto-Tai
- Lao: ແບບ (bǣp, “form; model, standard, example; method; style, manner; brand, type”)
- Thai: แบบ (bɛ̀ɛp, “kind; design, pattern; style; type; model”)
- → Khmer: បែប (baep, “kind, sort, model, type; style, form, shape; aspect; method, way, situation, condition”)
→ Vietnamese: phép (“rule, custom, usage, method; permission, authorisation; magical power”)
→ Manchu: ᡶᠠᡶᡠᠨ (fafun, “law; rule; punishment”)

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fǎ, fà (fa³, fa⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇ, ㄈㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): faat³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fap

(Meixian, Guangdong): fab⁵
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hoat

(Teochew, Peng'im): huab⁴ / huag⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fǎ
  - Wade–Giles: fa³
  - Yale: fǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faa
  - Palladius: фа (fa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, originally Beijing dialect, common variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fà
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fà
  - Wade–Giles: fa⁴
  - Yale: fà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fah
  - Palladius: фа (fa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: faat³
  - Yale: faat
  - Cantonese Pinyin: faat⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: fad³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /faːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fap
  - Hakka Romanization System: fab`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fab⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /fap̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fab⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /fap̚¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoat
  - Tâi-lô: huat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoad
  - IPA (Xiamen): /huat̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /huat̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huat̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /huat̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /huat̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huab⁴ / huag⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huap / huak
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huap̚²/, /huak̚²/

Note:

huab4 - Chaozhou;
huag4 - Shantou.

DefinitionsEdit

法

Short for 法蘭西／法兰西 (Fǎlánxī, “France”).
法語／法语 ― fǎyǔ ― French language

法棍 ― fǎgùn ― French stick

Usage notesEdit

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation fà.

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fǎ (fa³)

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fǎ
  - Wade–Giles: fa³
  - Yale: fǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faa
  - Palladius: фа (fa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fä²¹⁴/

DefinitionsEdit

法

Short for 法拉 (fǎlā, “farad”).

CompoundsEdit

微法

毫法

皮法

ReferencesEdit

“法”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

法

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: ほう (hō, Jōyō)^{←ほふ (fofu, historical)}
Kan-on: ほう (hō, Jōyō)^{←はふ (fafu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: はっ (ha', Jōyō ^†)^{←はふ (fafu, historical)}; ほっ (ho', Jōyō ^†)^{←ほふ (fofu, historical)}
Kun: おきて (okite, 法); のっとる (nottoru, 法る); のり (nori, 法)
Nanori: かず (kazu); つね (tsune); はかる (hakaru)

CompoundsEdit

永(えい)字(じ)八(はっ)法(ぽう) (eiji happō, “the Eight Principles of Yong”)
法(ほう)号(ごう) (hōgō, “a dharma name”)
法(ほう)案(あん) (hōan)
法(ほう)印(いん) (hōin)
法(ほう)衣(え) (hōe), 法(ほう)衣(い) (hōi)
法(ほう)医(い)学(がく) (hōigaku)
法(ほう)王(おう) (hōō)
法(ほう)皇(おう) (hōō)
法(ほう)外(がい) (hōgai)
法(ほう)学(がく) (hōgaku)
法(ほう)規(き) (hōki)
法(ほう)事(じ) (hōji)
法(ほう)術(じゅつ) (hōjutsu)
法(ほう)人(じん) (hōjin)
法(ほう)則(そく) (hōsoku)
法(ほう)定(てい) (hōtei)
法(ほう)廷(てい) (hōtei)
法(ほう)典(てん) (hōten)
法(はっ)度(と) (hatto)
法(ほう)要(よう) (hōyō)
法(ほ)螺(ら) (hora)
法(ほう)力(りき) (hōriki), 法(ほう)力(りょく) (hōryoku)
法(ほう)律(りつ) (hōritsu)
法(ほう)輪(りん) (hōrin)
加(か)法(ほう) (kahō)
家(か)法(ほう) (kahō)
減(げん)法(ぽう) (genpō)
憲(けん)法(ぽう) (kenpō), 憲(けん)法(ぼう) (kenbō)
刑(けい)法(ほう) (keihō)
公(こう)法(ほう) (kōhō)
国(こく)法(ほう) (kokuhō)
国(こく)際(さい)法(ほう) (kokusaihō)
司(し)法(ほう) (shihō)
私(し)法(ほう) (shihō)
除(じょ)法(ほう) (johō)
商(しょう)法(ほう) (shōhō)
乗(じょう)法(ほう) (jōhō)
定(じょう)法(ほう) (jōhō)
民(みん)法(ぽう) (minpō)
寸(すん)法(ぽう) (sunpō, “dimension, size”)

Etymology 1Edit

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

法

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji in this term
法
ほう Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 法 (MC pɨɐp̚). Originally, the kan'on was はふ (fafu), and the goon was ほふ (fofu), although both became ほう (hō) in modern Japanese. It is suggested that the kan'on was used in the general senses, while the goon was used in Buddhist contexts.

PronunciationEdit

On’yomi

(Tokyo) ほー [hòó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ho̞ː]

NounEdit

法(ほう) • (hō) ^{←はふ (fafu)^?}

Derived termsEdit

方(ほう)法(ほう) (hōhō, “way, method, manner”)

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
法
のり Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Alternative formsEdit

規, 則, 矩

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) のり [nòríꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [no̞ɾʲi]

NounEdit

法(のり) • (nori)

law
measure, size
内(うち)法(のり)
uchi nori
inner size

SynonymsEdit

(law): 法(ほう)規(き) (hōki), 法(ほう)律(りつ) (hōritsu)
(measure): 寸(すん)法(ぽう) (sunpō)

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
法
ふらん Grade: 4
irregular

From French franc.^[1]^[3]

PronunciationEdit

(Irregular reading)

(Tokyo) フラン [fúꜜràǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝɾã̠ɴ]

NounEdit

法(フラン) • (furan)

Alternative spelling of フラン

ReferencesEdit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

法, eumhun 법 법 (beop beop)

Hanja form^? of 법 (“law”).

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

法: Hán Việt readings: pháp^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
法: Nôm readings: pháp^[1]^[2]^[3], phép^[1]^[2]^[3], phấp^[1]^[2]^[3], phăm^[3], phắp^[3], bắp^[1], mép^[1]

chữ Hán form of pháp (“law, method, standard”).
chữ Hán form of Pháp (“France, French”).
Nôm form of phép (“custom, permission”).

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

ReferencesEdit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Trần (2004).
^ Trần (1999).
^ Nguyễn (1974).
^ Thiều Chửu (1942).

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[KDJ-3] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[tdcndg-4] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-5] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-6] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Trần (2004).

[tvctdhv-7] Trần (1999).

[hvttd-8] Nguyễn (1974).

[tchvtd-9] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

法

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

Derived charactersEdit

Related charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

Usage notesEdit

CompoundsEdit

DescendantsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

Usage notesEdit

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

PronunciationEdit

DefinitionsEdit

CompoundsEdit

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Etymology 1Edit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

Derived termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

SynonymsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

ReferencesEdit

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit