如是

Chinese

		as (if); such as	this
trad. (如是)		如	是
simp. #(如是)		如	是

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rúshì

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ ㄕˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁴ si⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rúshì
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ ㄕˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rúshìh
    • Wade–Giles: ju²-shih⁴
    • Yale: rú-shr̀
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rushyh
    • Palladius: жуши (žuši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jyu⁴ si⁶
    • Yale: yùh sih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁴ si⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yu⁴ xi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²¹ siː²²/

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• Middle Chinese: nyo|nyoH dzyeX

Rime
Character	如	如	是
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	日 (38)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	魚 (22)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	人諸切	人恕切	承紙切
Baxter	nyo	nyoH	dzyeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨʌ/	/ȵɨʌH/	/d͡ʑiᴇX/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔH/	/d͡ʑiɛX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɔ/	/ȵʑiɔH/	/d͡ʑjɛX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨə̆/	/ȵɨə̆H/	/d͡ʑiə̆X/
Li Rong	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔH/	/ʑieX/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭo/	/ȵʑĭoH/	/ʑǐeX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯wo/	/ȵʑi̯woH/	/ʑie̯X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rú	rù	shì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu4	jyu6	si6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*na  [d]eʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*nja|njas  djeʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	如	如	是
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rú	rú	shì
Middle Chinese	‹ nyo ›	‹ nyo ›	‹ dzyeX ›
Old Chinese	/*na/	/*na/	/*[d]eʔ/
English	go to	as, like, if	this
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	如	如	是
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	9623	9631	11645
Phonetic component	女	女	是
Rime group	魚	魚	支
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	如	洳	是
Old Chinese	/*nja/	/*njas/	/*djeʔ/
Notes			金文從早從止， 馬敘倫謂正加射的。按象對準目標行進， 表所行正確

Adjective

如是

1. (literary) like this; so; such

   • 莊王怪而問曰：「寡人德薄，又未嘗異子，子何故出死不疑如是？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     庄王怪而问曰：「寡人德薄，又未尝异子，子何故出死不疑如是？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 77 B.C.E., 劉向 (Liu Xiang), 《說苑》 (Garden of Stories), chapter 6

     Zhuāngwáng guài ér wèn yuē: “Guǎrén débó, yòu wèicháng yì zǐ, zǐ hégù chūsǐ bù yí rúshì?” [Pinyin]

     King Zhuang thought it strange, and asked him, "I am not a particularly virtuous person, nor have I granted you any special favors. Why would you fight like this, as if your life depended on it?"

Synonyms

• (literary) 如此 (rúcǐ)

Derived terms

• 如是我聞／如是我闻 (rúshìwǒwén)
• 日日如是 (rìrìrúshì)

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
如	是
にょ Grade: S	ぜ Grade: S
goon

Etymology

From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese 如是 (MC nyo dzyeX). Used to translate Sanskrit एवम् (evam, “such, thus”).

First cited to the Buddhist text 勝鬘経義疏 (Shōmangyō Gisho), part of the 三経義疏 (Sangyō Gisho) dated to 611. The text is written in 漢文 (kanbun), a kind of specialized Classical Chinese adapted slightly for Japanese readers. The first citation in a definitively Japanese-language text might not be until the 正法眼蔵 (Shōbōgenzō) compiled during the years 1231–53.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) にょ​ぜ [nyóꜜzè] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɲ̟o̞ze̞]

Noun

如(にょ)是(ぜ) • (nyoze) 

1. [from 611] (Buddhism) like this
2. [from mid-1200s] (Buddhism) short for 十如是 (jū-nyoze): the ten thusnesses of the Tendai sect
3. [from mid-1200s] (Buddhism) expression of approval of something said by another person

Derived terms

• 如(にょ)是(ぜ)我(が)聞(もん) (nyoze gamon, “thus I hear”)
• 十(じゅう)如(にょ)是(ぜ) (jū-nyoze, “ten thusnesses of the Tendai sect”)