沙

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

沙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 3912₀, composition ⿰氵少)

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 611, character 21
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
Unihan data for U+6C99

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		沙

Wikipedia has articles on:

沙 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
沙 (Cantonese)

放大顯示的沙子，本為一平方釐米

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 沙
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (沙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
硰	ʔsaːlʔ, sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl
娑	saːl, saːlʔ
挱	saːl, sraːl
挲	*saːl
桫	*saːl
渻	saːl, sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ
沙	sraːl, sraːls
紗	*sraːl
砂	*sraːl
鯊	*sraːl
裟	*sraːl
桬	*sraːl
髿	sraːl, soːl
魦	sraːl, soːl
莎	*soːl
莏	*soːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): shā (sha¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄚ

(Chengdu, SP): sa¹

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): са (sa, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): saa¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): sa¹
Gan (Wiktionary): sa¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sâ

(Meixian, Guangdong): sa¹
Jin (Wiktionary): sa¹
Min Bei (KCR): suói / sá
Min Dong (BUC): săi / să
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): soa / se / sa / see

(Teochew, Peng'im): sua¹ / sa¹
Wu (Wiktionary): ¹so
Xiang (Wiktionary): sa¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shā
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sha
  - Wade–Giles: sha¹
  - Yale: shā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
  - Palladius: ша (ša)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: sa¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sa
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sa⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: са (sa, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sa²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: saa¹
  - Yale: sā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: saa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sa³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sa⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: sa´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sa⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: sa¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /sa¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suói / sá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /suɛ⁵⁴/, /sa⁵⁴/

Note:

suói - vernacular;
sá - literary.

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: săi / să
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sai⁵⁵/, /sa⁵⁵/

Note:

săi - vernacular;
să - literary.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soa
- Tâi-lô: sua
- Phofsit Daibuun: soaf
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sua⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sua³³/
(Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
- Tâi-lô: se
- Phofsit Daibuun: sef
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sa
- Tâi-lô: sa
- Phofsit Daibuun: saf
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sa⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sa³³/
(Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: see
- Tâi-lô: see
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ⁴⁴/

Note:

soa, se - vernacular;
sa/see - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: sua¹ / sa¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sua / sa
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sua³³/, /sa³³/

Note:

sua1 - vernacular;
sa1 - literary.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ¹so
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /so⁵³/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: sa¹
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sa̠³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 沙
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʂa⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ʂa⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/sɑ²¹/
	Jinan	/ʂa²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ʂa²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/ʂa²⁴/
	Xi'an	/sa²¹/
	Xining	/sa⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʂa⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ʂa³¹/
	Ürümqi	/sa⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/sa²¹³/
	Chengdu	/sa⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/sa⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ʂa̠⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ʂɑ³¹/
	Hefei	/ʂa²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/sa¹¹/
	Pingyao	/sɑ¹³/
	Hohhot	/sa³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/so⁵³/
	Suzhou	/so⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/sɑ³³/
	Wenzhou	/so³³/
Hui	Shexian	/sa³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/sɔ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/sa³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/dɒ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɑ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/sa⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/sɑ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sa⁵³/
	Nanning	/sa⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sa⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sa⁵⁵/ /sua⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/sa⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/suɛ⁵⁴/ /sa⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/sua³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/sa²³/ /tua²³/

Middle Chinese: /ʃˠa/, /ʃˠa^H/

Rime
Character	沙	沙
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	生 (21)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	所加切	所嫁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠa/	/ʃˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚa/	/ʃᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃa/	/ʃa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂaɨ/	/ʂaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ʃa/	/ʃa^H/
Wang Li	/ʃa/	/ʃa^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʂa/	/ʂa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shā	shà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saa¹	saa³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*sˤraj/

(Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/, /*sraːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	沙
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shā
Middle Chinese	‹ sræ ›
Old Chinese	/*sˁraj/
English	sand
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	沙	沙
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	11025	11035
Phonetic component	沙	沙
Rime group	歌	歌
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	鯊	嗄
Old Chinese	/*sraːl/	/*sraːls/

DefinitionsEdit

沙

sand
泥沙 ― níshā ― silt

沙漠 ― shāmò ― desert
(usually used in place names) shoal
something granular
豆沙 ― dòushā ― red bean paste
mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
沙瓤 ― shāráng ― mushy watermelon pulp, Refers to the watermelon when the flesh becomes loose and fine-grained

沙梨 ― shālí ― Pyrus pyrifolia

西沙瓜 ― xīshāguā ― alternative of 硒砂瓜 (xī shā guā)
(of a voice) hoarse; husky
沙啞／沙哑 ― shāyǎ ― hoarse

叫到把聲沙嗮 [Cantonese, trad.]
叫到把声沙嗮 [Cantonese, simp.]
giu³ dou³ baa² seng¹ saa¹ saai³ [Jyutping]
shout so much that one's voice is all hoarse
(Buddhism) the number 10^-8
Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
沙俄 ― Shā'é ― Russian Empire
(Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
(Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
a surname

SynonymsEdit

(sand):

Dialectal synonyms of 沙子 (“sand”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		沙
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		沙子
Mandarin	Beijing	沙子
	Taiwan	沙子
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	沙子
	Harbin	沙子
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	沙子
	Yantai (Muping)	沙
	Jinan	沙子
	Wanrong	沙
	Xi'an	沙子
	Dingbian	沙子
	Yinchuan	沙子
	Xining	沙子
	Ürümqi	沙子
	Wuhan	沙
	Chengdu	沙子, 沙, 河沙
	Guiyang	沙
	Guilin	沙子
	Guilin (Lingui)	沙子
	Liuzhou	沙子
	Liuzhou (Luorong)	沙子
	Nanning (Wuming)	沙子, 沙, 河沙
	Yizhou	沙子
	Luocheng (Dongmen)	沙子
	Tianlin (Langping)	沙子
	Xuzhou	沙子
	Yangzhou	沙子
	Nanjing	沙子
	Hefei	沙子
	Qimen (Anling Junhua)	沙子
	Dagudi (Maliba)	沙子
	Reshuitang (Longling)	沙子
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	沙子
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	沙子
	Oudomxay	沙
	Pematangsiantar	泥沙
	Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	沙子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	沙
	Hong Kong	沙
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	沙, 泥沙
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	沙
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	沙公
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	沙公
	Macau	沙
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	沙
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	沙
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	沙
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	沙
	Foshan	沙
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	沙
	Foshan (Shunde)	沙
	Foshan (Sanshui)	沙
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	沙
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	沙
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	沙
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	沙
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	沙
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	沙
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	沙
	Taishan	沙
	Taishan (Guanghai)	沙
	Kaiping (Chikan)	沙
	Enping (Niujiang)	沙
	Heshan (Yayao)	沙
	Dongguan	沙
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	沙
	Yangjiang	沙
	Nanning	沙
	Yulin	沙
	Guiping	沙
	Guiping (Jintian)	沙
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	沙
	Guiping (Madong)	沙
	Mengshan (Xihe)	沙
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	沙
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	沙
	Baise	沙
	Bobai	沙
	Lingshan	沙
	Pubei	沙
	Qinzhou	沙
	Qinzhou (Changtan)	沙子
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	沙
	Beihai	沙, 沙子, 泥沙
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	沙
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	沙
	Ningming	沙
	Hengzhou	沙
	Hezhou (Pumen)	沙
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	沙
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	沙
	Fusui (Qujiu)	沙
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	沙
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	沙
	Móng Cái	沙
	Mandalay (Taishan)	沙
Gan	Nanchang	沙子, 沙
	Pengze	沙子
	Lichuan	沙子, 沙
	Pingxiang	沙子
Hakka	Meixian	沙仔, 沙
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	泥沙
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	沙
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	沙
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	沙公
	Conghua (Lütian)	沙
	Yudu	沙子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	沙仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	沙仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	沙仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	沙
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	沙仔, 沙
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	沙
	Hong Kong	沙公
	Beiliu (Tang'an)	沙
	Beiliu (Gonghe)	沙, 沙公
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	沙
	Mashan (Pianlian)	沙
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	沙子
	Lipu (Shuangduitun)	沙
	Pingle (Tong'an)	沙公, 沙子
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	沙子
	Senai (Huiyang)	沙
Huizhou	Jixi	沙
Huizhou	Qimen (Anling Minhua)	沙
Jin	Taiyuan	沙子
Jin	Xinzhou	沙子
Min Bei	Jian'ou	沙
Min Bei	Pucheng (Shibei)	沙
Min Dong	Fuzhou	沙
Min Dong	Gutian	沙
Min Nan	Xiamen	沙
	Quanzhou	沙
	Zhangzhou	沙
	Manila (Hokkien)	沙
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	沙
	Pingnan (Pingtian)	沙
	Guiping (Xiaowen)	沙
	Guiping (Dongsheng)	沙
	Guilin (Biyange)	沙塗
	Chaozhou	沙
	Jieyang	沙
	Bangkok (Teochew)	沙
	Haikou	沙, 塗沙
Min Zhong	Yanping (Wangtai)	沙
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	沙
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	沙
	Nanning (Shajing)	沙
	Nanning (Gejiayuan)	沙
	Nanning (Zhegulu)	沙
	Nanning (Silian)	沙
	Nanning (Xiuxiang)	沙子
	Binyang	沙子
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	沙
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Chaoyang)	沙子
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	沙子
	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	沙, 沙子
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	沙子
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	沙哩
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	沙
	Lingchuan (Shuangzhou)	沙哩
	Guanyang (Guanyinge)	沙子
	Yangshuo (Jima)	沙子
	Liucheng (Yangmei)	沙
	Luocheng (Niubi)	沙
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	沙子
	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	沙子
	Luxi (Liangjiatan)	沙子
	Chengbu (Xuntou)	沙子
Wu	Shanghai (Chongming)	沙
	Suzhou	沙, 河沙
	Danyang	沙
	Hangzhou	沙子
	Wenzhou	沙
	Jinhua	沙
Xiang	Changsha	沙子, 沙婆子, 沙婆
	Shuangfeng	沙子
	Quanzhou	沙子
	Guanyang (Wenshi)	沙子

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 沙

一片散沙
三沙 (Sānshā, “Sansha”)
丹沙
佉沙
博浪沙
叻沙 (lèshā)
吐沙拉 (Tǔshālā)
含沙射影 (hánshāshèyǐng)
含沙量
喇沙 (lǎshā)
固沙林
奓沙
尖沙咀 (Jiānshāzuǐ)
巫沙布提俑
平沙落雁
弄鬼搏沙
扒沙
折戟沉沙 (zhéjǐchénshā)
掿沙
散沙 (sǎnshā)
既不沙
曾母暗沙 (Zēngmǔ Ànshā)
村沙
杷沙
板沙 (bǎnshā)
查沙
沙三
沙丘 (shāqiū)
沙俄 (Shā'é)
沙克疫苗
沙包 (shābāo)
沙化 (shāhuà)
沙口 (Shākǒu)
沙嗲 (shādiē)
沙嘴 (shāzuǐ)
沙噀
沙土 (shātǔ)
沙地 (shādì)
沙坑
沙坪 (Shāpíng)
沙士 (shāshì)
沙子 (shāzi)
沙岸
沙州 (Shāzhōu)
沙市 (Shāshì)
沙微 (“sa-bui”) (Min Nan)
沙手
沙拉 (shālā)
沙拉油 (shālāyóu)
沙暴 (shābào)
沙柱
沙梨 (shālí)
沙棠
沙水
沙汰 (shātài)
沙沙 (shāshā)
沙河 (Shāhé)
沙河口 (Shāhékǒu)
沙洋 (Shāyáng)
沙洲 (shāzhōu)
沙湖 (Shāhú)
沙溪 (Shāxī)
沙漏 (shālòu)
沙漠 (shāmò)
沙漠之舟 (shāmò zhī zhōu)
沙狐 (shāhú)
沙獾 (shāhuān)
沙田 (shātián)
沙皇 (shāhuáng)
沙船
沙茶 (shāchá)

沙荒
沙袋 (shādài)
沙金
沙陀 (Shātuó)
沙隆
沙雅 (Shāyǎ)
沙雕 (shādiāo)
沙鹿 (Shālù)
泥沙 (níshā)
泥沙俱下
流沙 (liúshā)
浪淘沙
海金沙 (hǎijīnshā)
淘沙
漂沙
爬沙
白沙 (báishā)
白沙洲 (Báishāzhōu)
聚沙之年
聚沙成塔 (jùshāchéngtǎ)
胠沙思水
英吉沙 (Yīngjíshā)
觰沙
豆沙 (dòushā)
金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
金沙 (jīnshā)
金沙江 (Jīnshājiāng)
防沙堤
防沙林
麻沙本
一盤散沙／一盘散沙 (yīpánsǎnshā)
中沙群島／中沙群岛 (Zhōngshā Qúndǎo)
乾村沙／干村沙
勢沙／势沙
南沙群島／南沙群岛 (Nánshā Qúndǎo)
吳沙／吴沙 (Wúshā)
吾合沙魯／吾合沙鲁 (Wúhéshālǔ)
命染黃沙／命染黄沙
唱籌量沙／唱筹量沙
團沙群島／团沙群岛 (Tuánshā Qúndǎo)
塗沙／涂沙
塵沙／尘沙
巴爾沙／巴尔沙
恆河沙數／恒河沙数 (hénghéshāshù)
愛沙尼亞／爱沙尼亚 (Àishāníyà)
懷沙／怀沙
打破沙鍋／打破沙锅
披沙揀金／披沙拣金
披沙簡金／披沙简金
排沙簡金／排沙简金
摶沙／抟沙
摶沙作飯／抟沙作饭
摶沙嚼蠟／抟沙嚼蜡
攔沙壩／拦沙坝
村沙樣勢／村沙样势
東沙／东沙 (Dōngshā)
東沙群島／东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo)
毘婆沙部／毗婆沙部
沙丁魚／沙丁鱼 (shādīngyú)
沙其馬／沙其马
沙勞越／沙劳越
沙參／沙参 (shāshēn)
沙啞／沙哑 (shāyǎ)
沙基慘案／沙基惨案 (Shājī Cǎn'àn)
沙場／沙场 (shāchǎng)
沙塵／沙尘 (shāchén)
沙壪河／沙塆河 (Shāwānhé)
沙壺／沙壶
沙崙／沙仑 (Shālún)
沙彌／沙弥 (shāmí)

DescendantsEdit

→ Proto-Tai: *zwɯəjᴬ
- Proto-Southwestern Tai: *zaːjᴬ
  - Thai: ทราย (saai)

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shà (sha⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄚˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shà
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shà
  - Wade–Giles: sha⁴
  - Yale: shà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shah
  - Palladius: ша (ša)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂä⁵¹/

DefinitionsEdit

沙

(dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed

Pronunciation 3Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): suō (suo¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄛ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: suō
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: suo
  - Wade–Giles: so¹
  - Yale: swō
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suo
  - Palladius: со (so)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /swɔ⁵⁵/

DefinitionsEdit

沙

(alt. form 娑) to twirl; to whirl
(alt. form 挲) to fondle; to caress

CompoundsEdit

沙劘

Etymology 2Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂. (This character, 沙, is the second-round simplified form of 砂.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.