|
|
to be at
|
pronoun pluralizer; of (one's) home, place, family or collective
|
simp. and trad.
(垃垃)
|
垃
|
垃
|
| alternative forms
|
|
First syllable from a lenited form of 在 (MC dzojX|dzojH) (Qian, 1997) which later experienced glottalization and potential assimilation with 拉, mainly in circa 19th century Shanghai (Qian, 2003).
The second syllable is likely cognate with the personal pronoun pluralizer in e.g. Shanghainese 拉, which may in itself be a lenited non-checked tone variant of 搭 according to (Qian, 2003) and (Sheng, 2013). Compare 在𡍲.
Alternatively this might be a reduplicated form of 垃.
The aspect marker senses are part of a commonplace semantic derivation in Wu and some of Gan, whereby preposition-demonstrative phrases come to be grammaticalized as stative verb markers (Qian, 1997).
Note: 8laq-la6 — Potentially regarded as conservative suburban-influenced..
垃垃
- (Northern Wu, including Shanghainese) to be at; to be in
垃垃
- (Northern Wu, including Shanghainese) at; in
Dialectal synonyms of
在 (“at, in”)
[map]
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Classical Chinese
|
於
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
在
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
在, 挨, 跟, 的
|
| Taiwan
|
在
|
| Harbin
|
在
|
| Malaysia
|
在
|
| Singapore
|
在
|
| Jilu Mandarin
|
Jinan
|
在, 從
|
| Central Plains Mandarin
|
Wanrong
|
在
|
| Xi'an
|
在
|
| Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)
|
在
|
| Lanyin Mandarin
|
Ürümqi
|
在
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Chengdu
|
在
|
| Wuhan
|
在
|
| Guiyang
|
在
|
| Guilin
|
在
|
| Liuzhou
|
在
|
| Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Nanjing
|
在
|
| Yangzhou
|
在
|
| Rugao
|
吖
|
| Hefei
|
在
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
喺, 響
|
| Hong Kong
|
喺, 響
|
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)
|
喺, 在
|
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)
|
喺, 響
|
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok)
|
在
|
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)
|
在
|
| Macau
|
喺
|
| Guangzhou (Panyu)
|
喺, 響
|
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)
|
響, 喺
|
| Guangzhou (Conghua)
|
在
|
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng)
|
在
|
| Foshan
|
喺, 響
|
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)
|
喺, 響
|
| Foshan (Shunde)
|
喺
|
| Foshan (Sanshui)
|
喺
|
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)
|
喺, 響
|
| Zhongshan (Shiqi)
|
在
|
| Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)
|
在
|
| Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)
|
響, 揀
|
| Zhuhai (Doumen)
|
揀
|
| Jiangmen (Baisha)
|
喺
|
| Jiangmen (Xinhui)
|
喺
|
| Taishan
|
到, 響
|
| Kaiping (Chikan)
|
到, 響
|
| Enping (Niujiang)
|
到, 響
|
| Heshan (Yayao)
|
響
|
| Dongguan
|
響, 在, 喺
|
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)
|
在
|
| Yangjiang
|
在
|
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)
|
喺, 響
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
喺
|
| Gan
|
Nanchang
|
在
|
| Lichuan
|
在
|
| Pingxiang
|
在
|
| Hakka
|
Meixian
|
嗨
|
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)
|
在
|
| Dongguan (Qingxi)
|
在
|
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)
|
在
|
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)
|
在
|
| Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)
|
在
|
| Yudu
|
在
|
| Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
在
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
在
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
在
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
在
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
在
|
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
在
|
| Hong Kong
|
在
|
| Senai (Huiyang)
|
在
|
| Kuching (Hepo)
|
在
|
| Singapore (Dabu)
|
在
|
| Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
在
|
| Xinzhou
|
在
|
| Northern Min
|
Jian'ou
|
到
|
| Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
著, 在, 洽
|
| Fuqing
|
著, 洽
|
| Singapore (Fuqing)
|
著
|
| Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
佇, 踮, 蹛
|
| Quanzhou
|
佇, 踮, 蹛
|
| Zhangzhou
|
佇, 咧, 蹛
|
| Zhao'an
|
佇, 蹛
|
| Taipei
|
佇
|
| New Taipei (Sanxia)
|
佇
|
| Kaohsiung
|
佇
|
| Yilan
|
佇
|
| Changhua (Lukang)
|
佇
|
| Taichung
|
佇
|
| Tainan
|
佇, 踮, 蹛
|
| Hsinchu
|
佇
|
| Kinmen
|
佇
|
| Penghu (Magong)
|
佇
|
| Penang (Hokkien)
|
佇, 蹛
|
| Singapore (Hokkien)
|
佇, 壏
|
| Manila (Hokkien)
|
佇, 踮
|
| Chaozhou
|
在
|
| Shantou
|
在
|
| Shantou (Chenghai)
|
在
|
| Shantou (Chaoyang)
|
在
|
| Jieyang
|
在, 壏, 放
|
| Haifeng
|
著
|
| Johor Bahru (Teochew)
|
在
|
| Singapore (Teochew)
|
在, 壏
|
| Leizhou
|
佇, 放
|
| Wenchang
|
佇
|
| Singapore (Hainanese)
|
佇
|
| Southern Pinghua
|
Nanning (Tingzi)
|
在
|
| Wu
|
Shanghai
|
垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該, 垃浪
|
| Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang)
|
垃該, 拉
|
| Shanghai (Songjiang)
|
立垃, 勒嵌
|
| Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong)
|
垃, 垃垃
|
| Shanghai (Nanhui, Pudong)
|
垃該
|
| Shanghai (Fengxian)
|
垃該
|
| Shanghai (Jinshan)
|
有垃, 垃該
|
| Shanghai (Qingpu)
|
勒拉
|
| Shanghai (Jiading)
|
勒, 浪, 勒浪, 勒搭
|
| Shanghai (Chongming)
|
勒勒, 勒
|
| Suzhou
|
勒, 勒勒, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒篤
|
| Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang)
|
勒, 勒海, 勒拉, 勒浪
|
| Wuxi
|
勒, 來勒, 勒娘, 勒裡
|
| Changshu
|
勒笃, 勒裡, 勒海, 勒浪
|
| Kunshan
|
勒, 勒浪, 勒海
|
| Qidong
|
勒
|
| Qidong (Lüsi)
|
在, 來, 來該
|
| Nantong (Haimen)
|
勒, 勒特, 勒海, 勒勒
|
| Haimen (Sijia)
|
來, 來到
|
| Rudong
|
勒, 勒勒
|
| Pinghu
|
勒, 勒海, 勒浪, 勒化, 來, 來海, 來浪, 來化
|
| Haining (Xiashi)
|
有起霍, 有起, 有垃, 起勒, 起, 勒, 起霍
|
| Haiyan
|
勒, 勒勒
|
| Changzhou
|
勒, 勒蕩, 勒娘, 勒頭, 漏
|
| Liyang
|
立
|
| Changzhou (Jintan)
|
在, 則
|
| Danyang
|
在, 則
|
| Jingjiang
|
來, 勒
|
| Jiangyin
|
勒, 勒勒
|
| Nanjing (Gaochun)
|
來, 拉, 垃, 得, 擱
|
| Huzhou
|
拉
|
| Deqing
|
垃, 垃好, 來該, 來東, 拉好, 有好
|
| Deqing (Geting)
|
拉
|
| Hangzhou
|
勒, 勒哈, 來搭, 來東, 在
|
| Hangzhou (Lin'an)
|
來, 來埭, 來同
|
| Hangzhou (Fuyang)
|
勒, 勒裡, 勒帶, 勒底
|
| Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)
|
來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
|
| Tonglu
|
來, 來裡, 來夯
|
| Shaoxing
|
來帶, 來埭, 來東, 來同, 來夯, 帶, 埭, 東, 同, 夯
|
| Shaoxing (Keqiao)
|
來帶, 來東, 來夯, 帶, 東, 夯
|
| Zhuji
|
來克, 來客, 勒克, 勒客, 克, 客
|
| Shengzhou
|
來, 來帶, 來東, 來夯
|
| Xinchang
|
來固, 來蒙, 來頭
|
| Ningbo
|
來, 來勒, 來的, 來對, 來東, 來當, 來該
|
| Ningbo (Zhenhai)
|
來
|
| Ningbo (Beilun)
|
來, 來該, 來的, 來對, 來當
|
| Ningbo (Yinzhou)
|
立該, 來, 來的, 來該
|
| Yuyao
|
來, 得, 來浪
|
| Ninghai
|
來的
|
| Zhoushan (Dinghai)
|
勒
|
| Wenzhou
|
是
|
| Xiang
|
Changsha
|
在
|
| Loudi
|
在
|
| Shuangfeng
|
在
|
垃垃
- (Northern Wu) be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something (indicating an action in progress)
- (Northern Wu) Used to indicate the perfective aspect.
Dialectal synonyms of
正在 (“in the process of; currently”)
[map]
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
正在, 刻正
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
正在, 在
|
| Taiwan
|
正在, 在
|
| Malaysia
|
正在, 在
|
| Singapore
|
正在, 在
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Guilin
|
在
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
|
| Hong Kong
|
喺度, 喺處, 響度, 響處
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
喺度
|
| Hakka
|
Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
當, 在該, 當在
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
當, 在該
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
當, 在該
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
當, 在該
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
當, 在該
|
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
正在, 在遐
|
| Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
著𡅏, 𡅏
|
| Fuqing
|
著𡅏
|
| Singapore (Fuqing)
|
著𡅏
|
| Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
|
| Quanzhou
|
佇咧, 咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 拄佇咧
|
| Zhangzhou
|
咧, 當咧, 拄咧, 當時
|
| Tainan
|
佇咧, 咧, 當咧
|
| Penang (Hokkien)
|
佇
|
| Singapore (Hokkien)
|
佇, 佇咧
|
| Manila (Hokkien)
|
佇咧, 咧
|
| Shantou
|
在
|
| Shantou (Chaoyang)
|
在
|
| Singapore (Teochew)
|
在
|
| Wu
|
Shanghai
|
垃, 垃垃, 垃拉, 垃海, 垃該
|
| Ningbo
|
來, 來的, 來該, 來當, 來東, 來勒
|
| Wenzhou
|
是, 是搭
|
Dialectal synonyms of
著 (“(particle indicating the continuation of an action or a state)”)
[map]
| Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
著
|
| Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
著
|
| Taiwan
|
著
|
| Harbin
|
著
|
| Singapore
|
著
|
| Jilu Mandarin
|
Jinan
|
著
|
| Jiaoliao Mandarin
|
Yantai (Muping)
|
著
|
| Central Plains Mandarin
|
Wanrong
|
著
|
| Xi'an
|
著
|
| Xuzhou
|
著
|
| Southwestern Mandarin
|
Wuhan
|
倒
|
| Guiyang
|
倒
|
| Guilin
|
倒
|
| Liuzhou
|
倒, 穩
|
| Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Nanjing
|
著
|
| Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
緊
|
| Hong Kong
|
緊
|
| Singapore (Guangfu)
|
緊
|
| Gan
|
Nanchang
|
倒
|
| Hakka
|
Meixian
|
等
|
| Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
等
|
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
等
|
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
等
|
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
緊
|
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
等
|
| Kuching (Hepo)
|
緊
|
| Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
著
|
| Southern Pinghua
|
Nanning (Tingzi)
|
緊
|
| Wu
|
Shanghai
|
勒海, 勒該
|
| Hangzhou
|
勒
|
| Ningbo
|
的, 該, 當, 東, 仔, 勒眼
|
| Zhoushan
|
底, 的 rare, 該, 當, 仔, 勒眼
|
