細

See also: 细

細	U+7D30, 細 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D30

← 累
[U+7D2F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

紱 →
[U+7D31]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

細 (radical 120, 糸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 女火田 (VFW), four-corner 2690₀, composition ⿰糸田)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 919, character 36
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27344
Dae Jaweon: page 1351, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3380, character 5
Unihan data for U+7D30

ChineseEdit

trad.		細
simp.		细

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 細
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (囟) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
崽	ʔslɯːʔ, srɯː, *srɯː
偲	sn̥ʰɯː, snɯ
腮	*snɯː
鰓	*snɯː
揌	*snɯː
顋	*snɯː
愢	*snɯː
毢	*snɯː
諰	srɯː, snɯʔ
細	*snɯːls
思	snɯ, snɯs
緦	*snɯ
罳	*snɯ
禗	*snɯ
楒	*snɯ
葸	*snɯʔ
恖	*snɯ
颸	*sʰrɯ
囟	*snɯns
顖	*sniŋs
毸	*snɯː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *snɯːls): semantic 糸 + phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns).

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *z(j)əj (“little; small; tiny”) (STEDT); cognate with Jingpho zi (“small”), Tibetan ཟི (zi, “small”), Burmese သေး (se:, “small”).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sai³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): se

(Meixian, Guangdong): sê⁴
Min Dong (BUC): sá̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sòe / sè / sère

(Teochew, Peng'im): soi³
Wu (Wiktionary): xi (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sai³
  - Yale: sai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sai³
  - Guangdong Romanization: sei³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: se
  - Hakka Romanization System: se
  - Hagfa Pinyim: se⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /se⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: sê⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /se⁵³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sá̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòe
  - Tâi-lô: suè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: soex
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /sue⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sue²¹/
  - IPA (Kinmen): /sue¹²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sue¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Yilan, Tainan, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sè
  - Tâi-lô: sè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sex
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /se⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /se²¹/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sère
  - Tâi-lô: serè

Note:

Xiamen, Quanzhou:
- sòe - vernacular;
- sè - literary.

(Teochew)

Peng'im: soi³
Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sòi
Sinological IPA ^(key): /soi²¹³/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: xi (T2)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /sei^H/

Rime
Character	細
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	蘇計切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/sei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/sɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sɛj^H/
Li Rong	/sei^H/
Wang Li	/siei^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/siei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xì

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤe(k)-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*snɯːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	細
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ sej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁe(k)-s/
English	small, minute
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	細
Reading #	1/1
No.	13834
Phonetic component	囟
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	細
Old Chinese	/*snɯːls/

DefinitionsEdit

細

(literary, Cantonese, Hakka, Min) small; tiny; little
Antonym: 大 (dà)

點解會咁細嘅？ [Cantonese, trad.]
点解会咁细嘅？ [Cantonese, simp.]
Dim² gaai² wui⁵ gam³ sai³ ge²? [Jyutping]
Why is it so small?
(literary, Cantonese, Hakka, Min) young; little
Antonym: 大 (dà)

你仲細咩！ / 你仲细咩！ [Cantonese] ― Nei⁵ zung⁶ sai³ me¹! [Jyutping] ― [Do you think that] you're still a child?
(Cantonese) to be younger than
Antonym: 大 (dà)

細佢幾十年 / 细佢几十年 [Cantonese] ― sai³ keoi⁵ gei² sap⁶ nin⁴ [Jyutping] ― younger than them by a couple decades
fine; delicate
Antonym: 粗 (cū)

細沙 / 细沙 ― xì shā ― fine sand
thin; slender
Antonym: 粗 (cū)

細線 / 细线 ― xì xiàn ― thin string
(of one's voice) soft
frugal; sparing
slowly; carefully; thoroughly; detailedly
細看 / 细看 ― xìkàn ― to carefully examine
(Hokkien) concubine

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 小 (“small”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		小
Mandarin	Beijing	小
	Taiwan	小
	Tianjin	小
	Jinan	小
	Xi'an	小, 碎
	Wuhan	小
	Chengdu	小
	Yangzhou	小
	Hefei	小
	Malaysia	小
	Singapore	小
Cantonese	Guangzhou	細
	Hong Kong	細
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	細
	Macau	細
	Panyu	細
	Huadu (Huashan)	細
	Conghua	細
	Zengcheng	細
	Foshan	細
	Nanhai (Shatou)	細
	Shunde	細
	Sanshui	細
	Gaoming (Mingcheng)	細
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	細
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	細
	Doumen (Shangheng Tanka)	細
	Doumen	細
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	細
	Xinhui	細
	Taishan	細
	Kaiping (Chikan)	細
	Enping (Niujiang)	細
	Heshan (Yayao)	細
	Dongguan	細
	Bao'an (Shajing)	細
	Yangjiang	細
	Kuala Lumpur	細
	Singapore	細
Gan	Nanchang	細, 小
Hakka	Meixian	細
	Xingning	細
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	細
	Huidong (Daling)	細
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	細
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	細
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	小
	Qujiang	細
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	細
	Conghua (Lütian)	細
	Changting	細
	Pingyu	細
	Wuping	細
	Liancheng	細
	Ninghua	小
	Ruijin	細
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	細
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	細
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	細
	Dongshi (Dabu)	細
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	細
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	細
Jin	Taiyuan	小
Min Bei	Jian'ou	小
Min Dong	Fuzhou	嫩, 細
Min Nan	Xiamen	細
	Quanzhou	細
	Zhangzhou	細
	Taipei	小, 細
	Kaohsiung	小, 細
	Tainan	小, 細
	Taichung	小, 細
	Hsinchu	小, 細
	Lukang	小, 細
	Sanxia	小, 細
	Yilan	小, 細
	Kinmen	小
	Magong	小
	Penang (Hokkien)	細
	Singapore (Hokkien)	細
	Philippines (Manila Hokkien)	細
	Chaozhou	細
	Shantou	細
	Haifeng	細
	Singapore (Teochew)	細
	Haikou	細, 孧
	Leizhou	細
Wu	Shanghai	小
	Suzhou	小
	Wenzhou	小, 瑣
Xiang	Changsha	細, 小
Xiang	Shuangfeng	細

AntonymsEdit

(small): 大 (dà, “large”)
(young): 大 (dà, “grown up”)
(fine): 粗 (cū, “coarse”)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 細

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)
Kan-on: せい (sei)
Kun: ほそい (hosoi, 細い, Jōyō); こまかい (komakai, 細かい, Jōyō); ささやか (sasayaka, 細やか); ほそる (hosoru, 細る, Jōyō); こまか (komaka, 細か, Jōyō)

CompoundsEdit

細(さい)菌(きん) (saikin): bacterium, germ
細(さい)部(ぶ) (saibu): details, minor
細(さい)分(ぶん) (saibun): divide into small portions
細(さい)分(ぶん)化(か) (saibunka): fragmentation
細(さい)胞(ぼう) (saibō): cell
細(さい)目(もく) (saimoku): details
繊(せん)細(さい) (sensai): delicate, sensitive

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

細 • (se) (hangeul 세, revised se, McCune–Reischauer se, Yale sye)

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VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

細 (tế)

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