Wiktionary

-el

See also: Appendix:Variations of "el"

EnglishEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

Alternative formsEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e.
    runnel, shovel, dotel
  2. Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin.
    hatchel, hovel, gomeral

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin.
    cupel, chapel, tunnel
Derived termsEdit
English words suffixed with -el

AnagramsEdit

AbenakiEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb.
    n'kezalmô
    I love
    k'kezalmel
    I love you (singular)

Usage notesEdit

The suffix is spelled -ol by some writers.

See alsoEdit

BretonEdit

EtymologyEdit

Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. To make an adjective of a noun; -al
    ‎broad (“nation”) + ‎-el → ‎broadel (“national”)

Derived termsEdit

Breton words suffixed with -el

CzechEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. forms nouns
    ‎koupat + ‎-el → ‎koupel

Derived termsEdit

Czech words suffixed with -el

Further readingEdit

  • -el in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

DanishEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. -al

Derived termsEdit

Danish words suffixed with -el

DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “probably more than one etymology involved”)

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. -el
  2. -elle

Derived termsEdit

Dutch words suffixed with -el

EsperantoEdit

PronunciationEdit

  • Audio(file)

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. in [...] way
    -el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree

Derived termsEdit

  • kiel (“in what way, in what manner, how”)
  • tiel (“in that way, in that manner, thus”)
  • ĉiel (“in every way, in every manner”)
  • iel (“in some way, in some manner, somehow”)
  • neniel (“in no way, nohow”)
  • (nonce) aliel (“in another way, somehow else”)

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el (feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)

  1. forms adjectives from nouns: -al

Derived termsEdit

French words suffixed with -el

DescendantsEdit

  • → German: -ell
  • → Turkish: -el (learned)

See alsoEdit

GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

Direct descendant of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. suffix in diminutives
    ‎Kind (“child”) + ‎-el → ‎Kindel (“little child, darling”)
    ‎Haus (“house”) + ‎-el → ‎Häusel (“little house”)
  2. suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance
    ‎Arm (“arm”) + ‎-el → ‎Ärmel (“sleeve”)
    ‎Eiche (“oak”) + ‎-el → ‎Eichel (“acorn”)
  3. suffix in agent and instrumental nouns
    Büttel, Meißel

Derived termsEdit

German words suffixed with -el

Further readingEdit

  • “-el” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

HungarianEdit

EtymologyEdit

-e- + -l

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  2. (personal suffix) Used to form the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).
    keres (“to seek”) → keresel (“you seek, you are seeking”)
  4. (verb-forming suffix) Appended to a noun to form a verb.
    ebéd (“lunch”) → ebédel (“to eat lunch”)
  6. (noun-forming suffix) Appended to a verb to form a noun (no longer productive in this role).
    lep (“to cover”) → lepel (“wrap”)

Usage notesEdit

    Present tense indefinite – personal endings
Person Back
    vowel     		Front vowel
unrounded   rounded  
én 1st person singular -ok -ek -ök
-ik verbs (optional) -om -em -öm
te 2nd person singular -sz
after two consonants or a long vowel + t -asz -esz
after s, sz, z, dz -ol -el -öl
ő
maga
ön 		3rd person singular –
-ik verbs -ik
mi 1st person plural -unk -ünk
ti 2nd person plural -tok -tek -tök
after two consonants or a long vowel + t -otok -etek -ötök
ők
maguk
önök 		3rd person plural -nak -nek
after two consonants or a long vowel + t -anak -enek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and
second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
  • (personal suffix) Variants:
    -sz added to verbs not in the categories listed below
    vár (“to wait”) → vársz (“you wait, you are waiting”)
    -asz added to back-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
    hall (“to hear”) → hallasz (“you hear, you are hearing”)
    tanít (“to teach”) → tanítasz (“you teach, you are teaching”)
    -esz added to front-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
    dönt (“to decide”) → döntesz (“you decide, you are deciding”)
    segít (“to help”) → segítesz (“you help, you are helping”)
    -ol added to back-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
    olvas (“to read”) → olvasol (“you read, you are reading”)
    -el added to unrounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
    vesz (“to buy”) → veszel (“you buy, you are buying”)
    -öl added to rounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
    főz (“to cook”) → főzöl (“you cook, you are cooking”)
  • (verb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:
    -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.
    -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.

  • (noun-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:
    -al is added to back-vowel words
    -el is added to front-vowel words

Derived termsEdit

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -el
Hungarian nouns suffixed with -el

See alsoEdit

Low GermanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

SuffixEdit

-el m

  1. Suffix forming nouns originally denoting an agent from verbs.
    Lepel, Snavel, Stickel

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.

SuffixEdit

-el m

  1. A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil).
Derived termsEdit

Middle EnglishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Forms adjectives meaning "tending to" or "able to" from verbs.
Derived termsEdit
Middle English words suffixed with -el (adjectival)
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit

Etymology 2Edit

From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
  2. Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns.
Derived termsEdit
Middle English words suffixed with -el (agentive)
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit

Etymology 3Edit

From Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /-ˈɛːl(ə)/, /-ɛl(ə)/

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
Derived termsEdit
Middle English words suffixed with -el (diminutive)
DescendantsEdit

Etymology 4Edit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Alternative form of -al

Etymology 5Edit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Alternative form of -elen

NormanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al

Derived termsEdit

Norman words suffixed with -el

Old EnglishEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Alternative form of -ol

Etymology 2Edit

From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

Alternative formsEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. (causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs
    ‎crēopan (“to creep”) + ‎-el → ‎crypel (“cripple”)
    ‎bēodan (“to command”) + ‎-el → ‎bydel (“herald, messenger”)
    ‎spittan (“to dig”) + ‎-el → ‎spitel (“shovel”)
    ‎hladan (“to lade”) + ‎-el → ‎hlædel (“ladle”)
    ‎þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + ‎-el → ‎þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -el
Case Singular Plural
nominative -el -elas, -las
accusative -el -elas, -las
genitive -eles, -les -ela, -la
dative -ele, -le -elum, -lum
DescendantsEdit

Old FrenchEdit

PronunciationEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin -ālis.

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. used to form an adjective.
DescendantsEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin -ellus.

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. used to form a diminutive.
DescendantsEdit

PolishEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el m

  1. Forms masculine agent nouns.
    ‎śmierdzieć + ‎-el → ‎śmierdziel

DeclensionEdit

Masculine personal:

Declension of -el
singular plural
nominative -el -ele / -elowie
genitive -ela -eli / -elów
dative -elowi -elom
accusative -ela -eli / -elów
instrumental -elem -elami
locative -elu -elach
vocative -elu -ele / -elowie

Masculine animate:

Declension of -el
singular plural
nominative -el -ele
genitive -ela -eli
dative -elowi -elom
accusative -ela -ele
instrumental -elem -elami
locative -elu -elach
vocative -elu -ele

Masculine inanimate:

Declension of -el
singular plural
nominative -el -ele
genitive -elu -eli
dative -elowi -elom
accusative -el -ele
instrumental -elem -elami
locative -elu -elach
vocative -elu -ele

Derived termsEdit

Polish words suffixed with -el

Further readingEdit

  • -el in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • -el in Polish dictionaries at PWN

RomaniEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs

RomanianEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Latin -ellus.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)

  1. used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. ‎băiat (“boy”) + ‎-el → ‎băiețel (“little boy”)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of -el
singular plural
indefinite articulation definite articulation indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) -el -elul (niște) -ei -eii
genitive/dative (unui) -el -elului (unor) -ei -eilor
vocative -elule -eilor

SynonymsEdit

Derived termsEdit

Romanian words suffixed with -el

Related termsEdit

TurkishEdit

Alternative formsEdit

  • -al (after vowels a, ı, o, u)

EtymologyEdit

Learned borrowing from French -el [1].

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Forms adjectives from nouns and verbs
    özel (“private, special”) from öz (“self”)

Derived termsEdit

Turkish words suffixed with -el

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102

VolapükEdit

SuffixEdit

-el

  1. Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing.

Derived termsEdit

Volapük words suffixed with -el
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