-el
English
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-el
- Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e.
- Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin.
Etymology 2
editFrom Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:
- Old English -el (diminutive suffix)
- Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus
Suffix
edit-el
Derived terms
editAnagrams
editAbenaki
editSuffix
edit-el
- Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb.
- n'kezalmô
- I love
- k'kezalmel
- I love you (singular)
- n'kezalmô
Usage notes
editThe suffix is spelled -ol by some writers.
See also
editBreton
editEtymology
editCf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)
Suffix
edit-el
Derived terms
editCzech
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el f (noun-forming suffix)
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -el in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Danish
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
Derived terms
editDutch
editEtymology
editFrom Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. probably more than one etymology involved
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
- A now-unproductive suffix forming diminutive and instrument nouns.
Derived terms
editEsperanto
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Suffix
edit-el
- in [...] way
- -el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree
Derived terms
editFranco-Provençal
editPronoun
edit-el f
- postpositive form of el
French
editEtymology
editInherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el (feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)
- forms adjectives from nouns: -al
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- → Danish: -el
- → Dutch: -eel
- → German: -ell
- → Norwegian Bokmål: -ell
- → Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell
- → Swedish: -ell
- → Turkish: -el (learned)
- → Yiddish: ־על (-el)
See also
editGerman
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
- suffix in diminutives
- suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance
- suffix in agent and instrumental nouns
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “-el” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Hungarian
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
- (personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).
- (verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb.
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role.
Usage notes
editPerson | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
-ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm | |
te | 2nd person singular | -sz | ||
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | ||
after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl | |
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | – | ||
-ik verbs | -ik | |||
mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | ||
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
- (personal suffix) Variants:
- -sz added to verbs not in the categories listed below
- -asz added to back-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
- -esz added to front-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or -ít
- -ol added to back-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
- -el added to unrounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
- -öl added to rounded front-vowel verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz
- (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
- -l is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final long vowels may shorten, e.g. ű → ü.
- -ol is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -al is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -el is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -öl is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ál is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
Note: Certain words take another, synonymous suffix, -z/-oz/-az/-ez/-öz/-áz or -zik/-ozik/-azik/-ezik/-özik.
- (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
- -al is added to back-vowel words
- -el is added to front-vowel words
Derived terms
editSee also
editLow German
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Suffix
edit-el m
Etymology 2
editFrom Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.
Suffix
edit-el m
- A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil).
Derived terms
editMiddle English
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
- Forms adjectives meaning "tending to" or "able to" from verbs.
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- “-el, suf.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 2
editFrom Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
- Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
- Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns.
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- “-el, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Etymology 3
editFrom Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el
- Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.
Derived terms
editDescendants
editEtymology 4
editSuffix
edit-el
- Alternative form of -al
Etymology 5
editSuffix
edit-el
- Alternative form of -elen
Norman
editEtymology
editFrom Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.
Suffix
edit-el
- makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al
Derived terms
editOld English
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.
Suffix
edit-el
- Alternative form of -ol
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.
Alternative forms
editSuffix
edit-el
- (causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs
Declension
editDescendants
editOld French
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-el
- used to form an adjective
Descendants
edit- French: -el
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-el
- used to form a diminutive
Descendants
editPolish
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el m
- forms masculine agent nouns
- śmierdzieć + -el → śmierdziel
Declension
editMasculine personal:
Masculine animate:
Masculine inanimate:
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -el in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Romani
editSuffix
edit-el
- Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs
Romanian
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)
- used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. băiat (“boy”) + -el → băiețel (“little boy”)
Declension
editDerived terms
editRelated terms
editTurkish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editpreceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü |
-al | -el |
Learned borrowing from French -el.[1]
Suffix
edit-el
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editpreceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü |
-al | -el |
From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).[2][3]
Suffix
edit-el
- Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives.
- ince (“thin”) + -l → (int.) incelmek (“to thin”)
- dar (“narrow”) + -al → (int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)
- çok (“many, much”) + -al → (int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)
- düz (“straight”) + -el → (int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)
- kısa (“short”) + -al → (int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)
- yön (“direction”) + -el → (int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)
- diri (“alive, not dead”) + -l → (int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- ^ Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Al-" - in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ^ Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “-al”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 184
Volapük
editSuffix
edit-el
- Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing.
Derived terms
edit- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-lós
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English unproductive suffixes
- English noun-forming suffixes
- English diminutive suffixes
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- Abenaki lemmas
- Abenaki suffixes
- Breton lemmas
- Breton suffixes
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Czech lemmas
- Czech suffixes
- Czech noun-forming suffixes
- Czech feminine suffixes
- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish lemmas
- Danish suffixes
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Esperanto terms with audio links
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Franco-Provençal non-lemma forms
- Franco-Provençal pronoun forms
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Latin
- French doublets
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with audio links
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- French adjective-forming suffixes
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German 1-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio links
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- German unproductive suffixes
- German noun-forming suffixes
- German diminutive suffixes
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl
- Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian noun-forming suffixes
- Hungarian verb-forming suffixes
- Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German
- Low German terms derived from Middle Low German
- Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
- Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Low German lemmas
- Low German suffixes
- Low German masculine suffixes
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle English terms derived from Old English
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English suffixes
- Middle English terms borrowed from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Latin
- Middle English diminutive suffixes
- Norman terms inherited from Old French
- Norman terms derived from Old French
- Norman terms inherited from Latin
- Norman terms derived from Latin
- Norman lemmas
- Norman suffixes
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old English lemmas
- Old English suffixes
- Old French terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛl
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛl/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish masculine suffixes
- Romani lemmas
- Romani suffixes
- Romani inflectional suffixes
- Romanian terms inherited from Latin
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian suffixes
- Romanian diminutive suffixes
- Romanian masculine suffixes
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish terms borrowed from French
- Turkish learned borrowings from French
- Turkish terms derived from French
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish suffixes
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Volapük lemmas
- Volapük suffixes