曾

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Traditional	曾
Simplified	曾
Japanese	曽
Korean	曾

Alternative formsEdit

When used in Korea or as a Japanese kyūjitai character, the upper component is 八 instead of 丷, which is also the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary.

Han characterEdit

曾 (Kangxi radical 73, 曰+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 金田日 (CWA), four-corner 8060₆, composition ⿱丷𭥴(GHT) or ⿱八𭥴(JKV))

Derived charactersEdit

僧增噌嶒潧憎繒 (缯) 璔橧贈 (赠) 熷磳矰竲蹭譄鏳驓鱛鄫甑朆罾鬙層𬁭

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 503, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14299
Dae Jaweon: page 877, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1521, character 3
Unihan data for U+66FE

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		曾
alternative forms		曽

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 曾
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (曾) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
潧	*ʔsrɯn
繒	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
增	ʔsɯːŋ, ʔsɯːŋs
憎	*ʔsɯːŋ
磳	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
曾	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯːŋ
矰	*ʔsɯːŋ
罾	*ʔsɯːŋ
熷	*ʔsɯːŋ
竲	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
橧	ʔsɯːŋ, zɯŋ
譄	*ʔsɯːŋ
蹭	*sʰɯːŋs
層	*zɯːŋ
贈	*zɯːŋs
僧	*sɯːŋ
鬙	*sɯːŋ
甑	*ʔsɯŋs
鄫	*zɯŋ
驓	*zɯŋ
嶒	*zɯŋ
噌	*sʰɯːŋ
鏳	*zrɯːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – a cooker for steaming food. The derivative 甑 (OC *ʔsɯŋs) refers to the original word.

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): céng (ceng²)

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄥˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cang⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): tang³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhèn

(Meixian, Guangdong): cên²
Min Dong (BUC): cèng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chêng / chn̂g / cheng / chan

(Teochew, Peng'im): zêng⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³zen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: céng
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: céng
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻêng²
  - Yale: tséng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tserng
  - Palladius: цэн (cɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɤŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: cang⁴
  - Yale: chàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ceng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɐŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: tang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: cenˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cen²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰen¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cên²
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɛn¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛiŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng
  - Tâi-lô: tsîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zeeng
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chn̂g
  - Tâi-lô: tsn̂g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zngg
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
  - Tâi-lô: tsing
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chan
  - Tâi-lô: tsan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zafn
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡san⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³zen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥əɲ²³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡zəŋ/

Rime
Character	曾
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	昨楞切
Baxter	dzong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zəŋ/
Li Rong	/d͡zəŋ/
Wang Li	/d͡zəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	céng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cang⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤəŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*zɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曾
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	céng
Middle Chinese	‹ dzong ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ˁəŋ/
English	(adverb indicating past time)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曾
Reading #	2/2
No.	16625
Phonetic component	曾
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*zɯːŋ/

DefinitionsEdit

曾

already; ever; once (in the past); previously
Alternative form of 層／层 (céng).

SynonymsEdit

(already):

edit

Synonyms of 曾

上早 (Hakka)
以前 (yǐqián)
先前 (xiānqián)
先行 (xiānxíng) (literary)
其先 (qíxiān) (literary)
前往 (qiánwǎng) (literary)
原在 (Hakka)
古者 (gǔzhě) (archaic)
在前 (zàiqián)
家先 (Hakka)

往者 (wǎngzhě) (literary)
早先 (zǎoxiān)
早年所 (Min Nan)
昔日 (xīrì) (literary)
向來／向来 (xiànglái) (archaic)
嘗／尝 (cháng) (literary, or used in compounds)
往擺／往摆 (Min Nan)
往擺仔／往摆仔 (Min Nan)
往過／往过 (Min Nan)

往過仔／往过仔 (Min Nan)
從前／从前 (cóngqián)
早時／早时 (Min Nan)
昔時／昔时 (xīshí) (literary)
曾經／曾经 (céngjīng)
當初／当初 (dāngchū)
舊擺／旧摆 (Singapore Hokkien)
舊早／旧早 (Singapore Hokkien)
過前／过前 (Hainanese)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 曾

不曾 (bùcéng)
也曾
何曾
得未曾有 (déwèicéngyǒu)

未曾 (wèicéng)
阿曾
似曾相識／似曾相识 (sìcéngxiāngshí)
幾曾／几曾 (jǐcéng)

曾幾何時／曾几何时 (céngjǐhéshí)
曾經／曾经 (céngjīng)
曾經滄海／曾经沧海 (céngjīngcānghǎi)

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zēng (zeng¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄥ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zang¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): dang¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chên

(Meixian, Guangdong): zên¹
Min Dong (BUC): cĕng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chan / cheng / chng

(Teochew, Peng'im): zêng¹ / zang¹
Wu (Wiktionary): ¹tsen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zēng
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zeng
  - Wade–Giles: tsêng¹
  - Yale: dzēng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzeng
  - Palladius: цзэн (czɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zang¹
  - Yale: jāng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzang¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: zeng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: dang¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chên
  - Hakka Romanization System: zen´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zen¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sen²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zên¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sɛn⁴⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chan
  - Tâi-lô: tsan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zafn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡san³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡san⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng
  - Tâi-lô: tsing
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zefng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chng
  - Tâi-lô: tsng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zngf
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍³³/

Note:

cheng/chng - literary;
chan - vernacular (including surname).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: zêng¹ / zang¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tseng / tsang
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seŋ³³/, /t͡saŋ³³/

Note: zang1 - surname.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ¹tsen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡səɲ⁵³/

Middle Chinese: /t͡səŋ/

Rime
Character	曾
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	作滕切
Baxter	tsong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡səŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡səŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡səŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡səŋ/
Li Rong	/t͡səŋ/
Wang Li	/t͡səŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡səŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zang¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤəŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曾
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zēng
Middle Chinese	‹ tsong ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ˁəŋ/
English	remote (ancestor)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曾
Reading #	1/2
No.	16616
Phonetic component	曾
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ʔsɯːŋ/
Notes	朱芳圃云爲甑初文，非形聲字

DefinitionsEdit

曾

Wikipedia has articles on:

曾姓 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
曾氏 (Cantonese)
曾姓 (Gan)
Chan (sèⁿ) (Min Nan)

(prefix) great-
曾孫／曾孙 ― zēngsūn ― great-grandson
(literary) unexpectedly
- 誰謂河廣？曾不容刀。
  誰謂宋遠？曾不崇朝。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  谁谓河广？曾不容刀。
  谁谓宋远？曾不崇朝。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Shéi wèi Hé guǎng? Zēng bù róng dāo.
  Shéi wèi Sòng yuǎn? Zēng bù chóngzhāo. [Pinyin]
  Who says that the He is wide?
  It will not admit a little boat.
  Who says that Song is distant?
  It would not take a whole morning to reach it.
(literary) Alternative form of 增 (zēng, “to increase”).
a surname: Zeng
曾國藩／曾国藩 ― Zēng Guófān ― Zeng Guofan (Chinese statesman and military general of the Qing dynasty)

DescendantsEdit

→ English: Tseng, Zeng, Chan, Tsang

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 曾

可曾 (kěcéng)
曾子 (Zēngzǐ)
曾母投杼
曾母暗沙 (Zēngmǔ Ànshā)
曾益

曾祖 (zēngzǔ)
曾祖母 (zēngzǔmǔ)
曾祖父 (zēngzǔfù)
曾都 (Zēngdū)
曾劉／曾刘 (Zēngliú)

ReferencesEdit

“曾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

Shinjitai	曽
Kyūjitai	曾

KanjiEdit

曾

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 曽)

great-

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: ぞう (zō)
Kan-on: そう (sō)
Kan’yō-on: ぞ (zo); そ (so)
Kun: かつて (katsute, 曾て); すなわち (sunawachi, 曾ち)
Nanori: かつ (katsu); つね (tsune)

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

曾 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

曾: Hán Việt readings: tằng^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4], tăng^[1]^[5]^[4]^[6]^[3]^[7]
曾: Nôm readings: tâng^[1]^[6], tơn^[6], tưng^[1]^[6], từng^[5]^[6]^[7]

(archaic) chữ Hán form of tằng (“great-”).
Nôm form of từng (“once, ever, already, formerly”).

ReferencesEdit

Nom Foundation

[genibrel-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Génibrel (1898).

[Thiều_Chửu_(1942)-2] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[Trần_(1999)-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Trần (1999).

[Nguyễn_(1974)-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Nguyễn (1974).

[bonet-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Bonet (1899).

[btcn-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 Hồ (1976).

[tdcntd-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]