形
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TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
形 (Kangxi radical 59, 彡+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一廿竹竹竹 (MTHHH), four-corner 12422, composition ⿰开彡)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 363, character 6
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9969
- Dae Jaweon: page 681, character 25
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 852, character 10
- Unihan data for U+5F62
ChineseEdit
simp. and trad. |
形 | |
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alternative forms | 𢒈 |
Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 形 | |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意): 幵 + 彡. In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开.
It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡeːŋ): phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡, if the original character was 𢒈.
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
形
- form; shape; appearance
- image; appearance
- body; entity; contour
- style; vogue
- (grammar) Short for 形容詞/形容词 (xíngróngcí, “adjective”).
SynonymsEdit
CompoundsEdit
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JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ぎょう (gyō, Jōyō)←ぎやう (gyau, historical)
- Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)
- Kun: かた (kata, 形, Jōyō); かたち (katachi, 形, Jōyō); かたぎ (katagi); なり (nari, 形)
- Nanori: ち (chi)
CompoundsEdit
- 形声 (keisei): the phonosemantic formation of a kanji character from elements signifying meaning and elements signifying sound
- 形成 (keisei): formation, shape
- 形而下 (keijika): physical, material
- 形而上 (keijijō): metaphysical
- 形而上学 (keijijōgaku): metaphysics
- 形容詞 (keiyōshi): adjective
- 形容動詞 (keiyōdōshi): (Japanese grammar) adjectival noun, na- adjective
- 形態 (keitai): shape, form
- 形態学 (keitaigaku): (biology) morphology
- 形態論 (keitairon): (linguistics) morphology
- 形体 (keitai): physical shape
- 形相 (gyōsō): a facial expression, a look
- 形相 (keisō): (philosophy) the form, the eidos; the Platonic ideal
- 原形質 (genkeishitsu): protoplasm
Etymology 1Edit
Kanji in this term |
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形 |
かた Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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型 |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]
Probably related to 堅い / 硬い / 固い (katai), hard.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- [from 720] a shape
- [from 720] a form
- [from 1007] a pattern, die, or model from which copies are made
- [from roughly 1300s] collateral for borrowed money
- [from 1775] on a coin, the side with writing on it
- Antonym: 縵面 (name)
Etymology 2Edit
Kanji in this term |
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形 |
がた Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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型 |
Derived from kata above.[1] The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Found most commonly as a suffixing element in compounds.
The standalone noun sense was originally a shortening of 女形 (onnagata, literally “woman form”), a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater. This noun sense is only spelled with the 形 kanji.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- [from 1820] (kabuki, theater) Short for 女形 (onnagata)., a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater
SuffixEdit
- (affixed to nouns): the shape or form of the affixed noun
- (affixed to on'yomi nouns): a typical example of the affixed noun; the type of the affixed noun
Usage notesEdit
For a shape, the spelling 形 is more commonly used. For a type, the spelling 型 is more commonly used.
Further readingEdit
- Entry for katai at Gogen-Allguide, mentioning the likely overlap with kata (in Japanese)
Etymology 3Edit
Kanji in this term |
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形 |
かたち Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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容 躰 |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]
Compound of 形 (kata, “shape, form”) + ち (-chi),[3] but the derivation of the chi element is unclear.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- [from 720] shape or form
- [from late 900s] shapeliness: see 形有り (katachiari)
- [from 1688] form, as opposed to substance
Etymology 4Edit
Kanji in this term |
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形 |
けい Grade: 2 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 形 (MC ɦeŋ). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
- (linguistics) grammatical tense
- 過去形
- kakokei
- the past tense
- 将来形
- shōraikei
- the future tense
- 過去形
- (Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb
- 連用形
- ren'yōkei
- the continuative form
- 命令形
- meireikei
- the imperative or command form
- 連用形
Etymology 5Edit
Kanji in this term |
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形 |
なり Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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態 なり |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]
From 成り (nari), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the verb 成る (naru, “to become”).[1][2]
First attested as a suffix on a noun in the 曾我物語 (Soga Mongatari),[1] of uncertain dating but probably in the late 1300s. As a suffix on a verb stem, first attested from 1927.[1]
PronunciationEdit
Usage notesEdit
The most common spelling for this use is なり, for all parts of speech.
NounEdit
- [from 720] the shape or form of something
- [from late 900s] one's clothing and appearance
- [from mid 1600s] one's body shape or form
- [from 1477] one's circumstances or situation
- [from 1773] one's reputation
- [from 1763] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (rentaikei)) or plain perfective form of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
- 人々の言うなりになった
- hitobito no iu nari ni natta
- things turned out just as people were saying
- 人々の言うなりになった
- [from 1915] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (rentaikei)) of an adjective, indicates responding to the affixed adjective: compare English fitting
- 寒ければ寒いなりの厚着をする
- samukereba samui nari no atsugi o suru
- if it's cold, then put on warm clothing / if it's cold, then put on warm clothes for cold weather
- 寒ければ寒いなりの厚着をする
- [from 1928] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (rentaikei)) of a verb, indicates the moment of the action occurring: compare English as soon as
- 断りを聞くなり泣き出した
- kotowari o kiku nari nakidashita
- she burst into tears as soon as she heard the rejection
- 断りを聞くなり泣き出した
SuffixEdit
- following the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
- 人々が言いなりになった
- hitobito ga iinari ni natta
- things turned out just as people say
- 人々が言いなりになった
- [from 1951] following a noun, indicates a state fitting or becoming to the affixed noun
- 子供なりに想像する
- kodomo nari ni sōzō suru
- imagine in a way fitting for a child / imagine like a child (implies that the subject is a child)
- 自分なりの判断
- jibun nari no handan
- my own kind of decision / deciding in my own way
- 子供なりに想像する
- [from late 1300s] following a noun, indicates that shape or form: compare English like
- 弓なりになる
- yumi nari ni naru
- to become bow-shaped / to become like a bow
- 弓なりになる
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 形 (MC ɦeŋ).
Historical readings |
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PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [çʌ̹ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [형]
HanjaEdit
形 (eumhun 모양 형 (moyang hyeong))
CompoundsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
形: Hán Nôm readings: hình, hềnh
- image
- a figure or a silhouette
- (Southern Vietnam) a photo; a picture
- (geometry) a shape
- Clipping of hình học (“geometry”).