Appendix:Proto-Cariban reconstructions

Proto-Cariban reconstructions:

Gildea (2007, 2012)

gloss	Proto-Carib}}
sun	*titi
moon	*nunô
water (n)	*tuna
sunlight	*awatinɨ
star	*tirikô
DESIDERATIVE	*(CV)te
sand	*saka(w)
sand	*samutu
body	*jamun
flesh, meat, body	*punu
meat food	*ôtɨ
water	*paru
rain	*konopo
person	*karipona
man	*wôkɨrɨ
husband	*nɨjo, *mɨjo
eye	*ônu-ru
ear	*pana-rɨ
nose	*ôwna-rɨ
mouth	*mɨta-rɨ
lip	*ôtipi-rɨ
saliva	*ôtaku
tooth	*(j)ô-rɨ
tongue	*nuru
one	*tôwinô
two	*atjôkô(nô/ne)
head	*pu-tupô
forehead	*pe-rɨ
leg	*pôre(-pɨ/pa)
foot	*pupu-ru
heel	*pu(pu)-tôpu
sole of foot	*pɨta
knee	*ôtjôkumu-ru
neck	*pɨmɨ-rɨ
breast	*manatɨ-rɨ
chest	*puropɨ-rɨ
buttocks	*pupɨtɨkɨ
cheek	*peta
forest	*jutu
inside	*tawô
to bite	*ôteka
to give; to put	*utu
hand	*ômija-rɨ, *amo-rɨ
to do; to make; to put	*(tɨ)rɨ, *(t)ɨrɨ
to gift O (with something)	*ekarama
to put away	*arama
belly	*wetVpu
belly	*(e)wenɨ
heart (guts); chest	*ôwanô
liver	*ôre
to close (tr. v)	*apuru
to descend	*wɨpɨtô
to see	*ône
to hear	*ôta
to know (tr. v)	*putu
to know (postp)	*warô
to sleep	*wônɨkɨ
to sleep	*wetu(mɨ)
to shoot; to kill	*(tɨ)wô, *(t)wô(nô)
drink (noun)	*woku-ru
to drink	*ônɨrɨ
to eat (intr. v)	*ôt-ôku
to eat fruit	*ônapɨ
to eat meat	*(t)ônô
to eat flour/bread	*(t)ôku
to eat nuts	*aku
to grate (manioc)	*(tɨ)kɨ
to bathe (O)	*(tɨ)pɨ
to weave	*(tɨ)kapɨ
to cook; to boil	*(tɨ)jô
to take; to pull out/away	*(t)ôwɨ
to throw out	*(tɨ)papo
to gather fruit	*(tɨ)pôtɨ
fire	*wepeto
fire	*mapoto
ash	*wôreiCV
to light fire	*(t)urô
to burn (intr. v)	*jatu
to burn (tr. v)	*uk(w)a
to fell tree/farm	*(tɨ)ma
to go	*(wɨ-)tô(mô)
to come	*(w)ôtepɨ
to come	*(w)ômôkɨ
to say	*(wɨ)ka(ti)
to be; to say	*a(p)
to dwell; to be	*(w)eti
to enter	*(w)ômô(mi)
REFLEXIVE	*(w)e-
RECIPROCAL	*(w)ôte-
beak	*potɨ-rɨ
earth	*nono
cloud	*kapurutu
rope	*ôwa(-rɨ)
hot	*atu(NV)
cold	*atono
cold	*t-ɨnotɨ-me
good	*kure
hard	*akɨpɨ
snake	*ôkôju
path	*ôtema(-rɨ)
mountain	*(w)ɨpɨ
older brother	*pipi
grandchild	*pa-rɨ
faeces	*wetɨ, *watô
to defecate	*weka
child	*mure
shoulder	*mota-rɨ
thigh	*petɨ
hair	*(e)tipotɨ(-rɨ)
to cut	*akôtô
to take; to carry	*arô
to seize	*apôti
1SG	*ôwɨ-rô
2SG	*ômô-rô
2COLL	*ôm-jamo
1INCL	*kɨnmô-rô
1INCL	*kɨwɨ-rô
1INCL.COLL	*kɨC-jamo
1EXCL	*apina
this (INAN)	*(t)ônɨ
this (INAN)	*(t)ôrô
this (ANIM)	*môtjô
this (ANIM COLL)	*môtj-jamo
that (INAN)	*mônɨ
that (INAN)	*môrô
that (ANIM)	*môkɨ-rô
that (ANIM COLL)	*môk-jamo
who?	*onôkɨ
all	*ômerô
grease; fat	*katɨ
to grow	*atɨta, *anɨta
thick	*tɨpɨtɨ-ma
AUGMENTATIVE	*imô
small	*pitikô
woman	*wôrɨti
woman	*pɨtɨ
fish	*kana
jaguar	*akôrô
jaguar	*kaikuti
louse	*(w)ajamô
tree	*wewe, *jeje
branch	*ekata
arm	*apô-rɨ
seed	*ôpɨ(-tɨpô)
seed	*a-tɨpô
seed; contents	*a-rɨ(-rɨ)
seed	*ôna-tɨpô
leaf	*jare
root	*mitɨ
bark, skin	*pitupô
blood	*munu-ru
red	*t-a(k)pi-re
white	*t-a-(re)mutu-ne
black	*t-puru-me/ke
night	*koko
nightfall (intr. v)	*koko-mamɨ
bone	*j-ôtîpî-rî
egg	*pumo
horn	*retɨ-rɨ
tail; penis	*arokɨ
scrotum; testicle	*ômu(-ru)
feather	*apôri-rɨ
name	*ôtetɨ
ant	*iraka
ant	*kɨjawôko
ant	*juku
ant	*mɨkakô
ant	*(n)mapu(nu)
bow	*wɨrapa-rɨ
deer	*(wɨ)kapawu
deer	*karijakô
grandfather	*tamo(ko)
heavy	*amôti-ma/-ne
to sit	*erew-ta/-ma
lightning	*manan manan
howler monkey	*arimi
monkey	*itjo
rib	*awo-tɨ
to roast	*puru, *purô
to run	*ekatu(mɨ)
shadow	*amore-rɨ
shadow	*ôkatu
short	*tɨntɨ-tjô
to talk; to converse	*ôt-uru
spider	*mojoti
spider	*tjawaraka(ru)
to tie	*(m)ômô
today; now	*amenarô
tomorrow	*koropo
vagina	*ôrɨ
to wait	*mômôku
high	*kawô
sun	*weju
1SG	*u-
3SG	*i-
stone	*tôpu
person	*wɨtoto
to find	*eporɨ
to descend	*ôpinô
to pierce	*atpo