Gloss |
Proto-Wintun
|
a while |
*yol
|
acorn |
*ʔi(·)
|
acorn sp. |
*hu
|
acorn sp.: black oak |
*ham ?, *pene(·)l
|
acorn sp.: white oak |
*yok...l-
|
acorn bread |
*sa·w
|
acorn meal |
*daq
|
acorn soup |
*yiwit
|
acorns: shelled and dried |
*λ’ił-
|
action with fire |
*bay
|
adolescent girl |
*lo·y-
|
afraid, have fear |
*k’ilap-ʔa
|
after that |
*ʔut’a
|
agentive |
*-to ?
|
ahead (of), before, first |
*tu
|
air, blow |
*x̣os-a ?
|
alder |
*qalaw
|
alienable possessive, third person singular pronouns and kinterms |
*-t-n
|
alike |
*ne·r
|
alone |
*ney, *hom
|
already, old, long ago, former, past demonstrative |
*ho-
|
andative auxiliary, go |
*har-a·
|
angelica |
*dum
|
animate comitative |
*-wil
|
ankle |
*haqa
|
ant |
*t’edVq
|
apply light pressure with hand |
*λ’itq-
|
apply sharp pointed object |
*λ’ut
|
approach |
*čuk-a
|
arched ?, crooked ?, bent |
*k’uwi(·)l
|
arm |
*q’ede
|
arm, shoulder |
*sala
|
armpit |
*q’an
|
arrange clumped material ? |
*bam
|
arrive |
*hen
|
arrow |
*no-, *doqo
|
ash tree |
*ʔirik
|
ashes, dust |
*pʰuk
|
ask |
*t’ihi·t-u
|
ask to accompany |
*xew
|
autumn |
*qʰaydani
|
away |
*qʰal, *qʰan
|
awl |
*č’up
|
baby, child, small |
*ʔilay
|
back of, behind something |
*yel
|
bad |
*duq-ʔa, *č’ep-
|
badger |
*soč- ?
|
bake |
*ma·ł-a
|
band-tailed pigeon |
*xo-...wi-
|
bank of rock or soil |
*hel
|
bare the teeth |
*λ’ey-e
|
bark (of tree) |
*qoq, *qʰapla
|
bark (verb) |
*noł
|
barn owl |
*si·k
|
barren |
*walu
|
base |
*yay
|
basket root |
*se·k, *kuhum
|
basket sticks from willow |
*ton
|
basket types |
*xok, *k’op-i, *kaw, *k’olom, *tos
|
bat |
*dehe·la ?
|
bathe |
*qop
|
be, lie |
*bey
|
be, sit |
*boh
|
be, do, use (non-distal ?) |
*ʔiy
|
be, do (distal) |
*ʔu
|
bear (black) |
*č’il
|
beard, whiskers (particularly of fish) |
*qʰep
|
bee-like sound |
*łon
|
beetle sp. |
*toqo ?
|
before, ahead, first |
*tu
|
beg ? promise ? |
*duq
|
behind, back of |
*yel
|
belch |
*qer-e·
|
belt |
*tir-i
|
bend |
*qʰud, *moy, *kuk
|
benefactive |
*-pa ?
|
bent (crooked ? arched ?) |
*k’uwi(·)l
|
berry sp. |
*tʰah
|
bet |
*dam
|
big one(s) |
*qom ?
|
bird sp. (small) |
*č’ereCč’ereC ?
|
bite |
*ʔey
|
bitter |
*ʔa·q-ʔa
|
black |
*č’il-, *sil
|
black bear |
*č’il
|
black oak acorn |
*pene(·)l, *ham ?
|
blackberry |
*ʔim(il)
|
blanket |
*puq-
|
blanket, cover |
*sul
|
blood |
*sa·q
|
blow (of person, not the wind) |
*pʰu(·)ł
|
blow, air |
*x̣os-a ?
|
blow the nose |
*łiniq
|
blows to the head |
*čił-a
|
bluebird, Western |
*č’ow
|
boat |
*nuh
|
bobbing movement (slow?) |
*hoy(..)oq
|
bobcat |
*p’a..l..m-
|
body, whole |
*tʰu(·)n
|
body hair ? |
*seke·
|
body joint |
*ʔanaq
|
boil |
*pʰ̟ot-u, *posolo
|
bone |
*paq
|
bone awl |
*č’up
|
borrow |
*q’oł
|
brace |
*k’ok
|
break |
*k’ep, *λ’ab
|
break up surface |
*tʰoł-i/u
|
break with fingers |
*q’op-a
|
breast, milk |
*ʔimit
|
breathe |
*pʰu(·)r-u
|
bring inanimate, animate |
*wer
|
bring |
*hen-me
|
brother: older |
*labe-
|
brother: younger |
*ley
|
brother-in-law |
*łe-·n
|
bubble |
*łob
|
buckeye |
*yono ?
|
buckskin, hide |
*qo(·)la
|
bulb sp. |
*λ’erew
|
bulrush, tule |
*λ’op
|
bump |
*tʰał-, *daq
|
burn |
*čʰo·l, *čʰo·r
|
burn bare |
*bil
|
burrowing owl |
*wik
|
bush sp. |
*č’ulaq
|
butterfly, poppy |
*bo·lbolVq
|
buzzard |
*hu·s
|
calf |
*č’ur ?, *čʰi·r
|
California condor |
*mo·loq
|
call someone |
*čʰiy-a
|
cane |
*t’u-
|
cap-shaped |
*bis
|
careful ?, reluctant ? |
hinu·-
|
carry |
*du-
|
carve |
*qʰer
|
cattail, flat tule |
*pa·tpat
|
causative |
*-ma
|
cave in |
*hul, *łim-a
|
charcoal |
*q’al-i ?
|
chest, lungs |
*k’eba
|
chew |
*č’ok-i/u, *t’a-
|
chief |
*se·qtu
|
child |
*ku-, *teh, *ʔilay, *łe
|
child’s spouse, spouse’s parent, in-law one generation removed |
*t’e(·)s
|
chin, jaw |
*q’aba
|
chipmunk |
*čʰiqčʰiq- ?
|
choke on |
*qʰaw-a
|
choose |
*p’ił-e
|
chop |
*k’op
|
cicada |
*yoryor, *holol-č’V·r/d-
|
clap |
*pʰoq
|
claw(s), nail(s) |
*k’ahay
|
clean |
*le·t ?
|
clear |
*čał-a
|
clench, stiff ? |
*k’on
|
climb, step |
*dek
|
close eyes |
*č’im
|
close sides |
*wol
|
clothe, clothes |
*t’ał-a
|
cloud |
*q’a- ?
|
clover, grass |
*len
|
clover sp. |
*tapl-
|
coat (verb), coating |
*wil
|
cocoon rattle |
*sokok
|
collect |
*č’ap
|
come |
*wer
|
comitative (animate) |
*-wil
|
comitative (inanimate) |
*-m
|
completive |
*-k
|
continuative |
*-V(·)r
|
Cooper’s or marsh hawk ?, hawk sp. |
*k’ililuk
|
copulate |
*sir-i
|
core, heart |
*č’idik
|
cough |
*q’uh-i/u
|
cover |
*mit, *łaq-a
|
coyote |
*sede
|
crack open |
*tʰeł, *k’ab
|
crane |
*wok
|
crawl |
*las-a
|
crawl in, go in |
*ʔał-a
|
crawling (like a snake), slithering (creature) |
*pʰil-i
|
crazy, unpleasant emotion |
*ho·n
|
cricket |
*ler, *č’ur
|
crooked ?, arched ?, bent |
*k’uwi(·)l
|
cross (meet), emerge, sprout |
*tep-i/u
|
cross-sibling |
*soh
|
crosswise, twice |
*ser
|
crow |
*ʔa·l, *qa·q
|
crush |
*pał
|
cry |
*wač-i/u
|
cup-type basket |
*k’olom
|
cut |
*qʰed-, *qʰič-a/i/u
|
cut notches |
*dop-u
|
cut off, slice |
*qʰop-u
|
cut with sharp edge, cut long objects |
*pʰil-i
|
cut with swinging motion, slice |
*hil
|
cylinder |
*lul
|
dam, weir |
*paq-i
|
dance |
*čʰono
|
dance house |
*łu·t
|
dance types |
*hesi ?, *to·to ?
|
dark |
*pur-i
|
day, daytime |
*san-i
|
deer, venison |
*no·p
|
defecate |
*č’en-a·
|
definite duration auxiliary |
*boh
|
deictic (optative meaning?) |
*kʰe
|
demonstrative and quasi-pronominal third person proximal root |
*ʔe-
|
demonstrative and quasi-pronominal third person root |
*pi-, *pu-
|
demonstrative-interrogative root |
*he
|
desolate |
*yo·w
|
dew |
*pʰon
|
dice |
*tel
|
different, other, away |
*qʰal
|
dig ? pick up ? |
*hap-a
|
digging stick |
*sen
|
dip |
*q’ep-, *qum, *dum
|
direct to, send after |
*yor
|
directional locative suffix |
*-ti
|
dirt (earth) |
*q’i(·)r, *q’ilaq
|
dirty |
*q’o(·)t-ʔa
|
dislike |
*qʰur
|
distribute liquid substance |
*č’ir-i
|
dive |
*nup-u
|
dizzy |
*x̣ah
|
do fast, be fast |
*witil(-ʔa)
|
do, be, use (non-distal ?) |
*ʔiy
|
do, be (distal) |
*ʔu
|
doctor, poison |
*yom
|
dog |
*suku
|
dome shape (hard) |
*qʰolo
|
doorway, entrance |
*pes
|
dove (mourning) |
*puluq
|
down |
*kʰen
|
drag |
*qir
|
dragonfly |
*t’oli
|
dream |
*yečew
|
drill |
*sič-i/u
|
drink |
*bol-a, *tetʰ-i/u
|
drink/eat acorn mush |
*łup-e/u
|
drown |
*t’uk-u
|
drum |
*tiCe·
|
dry |
*qʰon
|
dry (spread to) |
*ye-
|
dry and stiff |
*č’oq
|
dual |
*-pel
|
dubitative, subjunctive |
*-m
|
dull |
*q’i·l
|
dull (of senses) |
*λ’ik
|
dump (granulated solids?) |
*tʰak-čʰ-i
|
ear |
*ma·t
|
earth |
*q’ilaq, *wilaq, *q’i(·)r
|
east |
*puy
|
eat |
*ba·
|
eat/drink acorn mush |
*łup-e/u
|
eat with someone |
*tʰil-ʔa
|
embers |
*xiw
|
emerge, sprout, cross (meet) |
*tep-i/u
|
end point |
*wan
|
enemy |
*yuken
|
entrance, doorway |
*pes
|
esophagus, throat |
*peru·
|
exclamative |
*ʔay, *yo·
|
exhaust, wear out |
*łet
|
eye |
*tum
|
eyelashes |
*tum
|
fade away |
*lim
|
fall |
*łah, *dil-i, *t’al-a
|
fan, wave, gesture |
*liw
|
far, travel |
*kel-
|
fart |
*xed-i/u
|
fast (be, do) |
*witil(-ʔa)
|
fat |
*hu·m
|
father |
*tah, *ta-(·)n
|
fear |
*čʰiri·k-, *k’ilap-ʔa
|
fear a loss, suspect |
*ha·q-a
|
feast |
*daw
|
feather |
*k’alaq
|
feathers |
*pʰit
|
feces |
*č’en-i
|
feed |
*ba·
|
fight |
*łik-u-p’ur-i
|
fill |
*par
|
fill with liquid |
*ʔu·m
|
finger, hand |
*sem
|
finger (verb) |
*t’ul
|
finish |
*λ’aq
|
finish off, gone |
*ker-u
|
fire |
*pʰo·
|
fire, to light a |
*č’ay-a
|
first person pronominal root |
*ne-
|
first person subject |
*-da
|
first, before, ahead |
*tu
|
fish sp. |
*čʰi·r
|
fishbone |
*č’us
|
fisher ? |
*łom
|
fit |
*λ’ap-u ?
|
fix up, straighten up |
*moq
|
flabby |
*law
|
flame |
*qul
|
flame, lightning |
*wal-u
|
flat |
*dal
|
flea |
*k’ok’o
|
flint, arrow, knife, obsidian |
*doqo
|
float |
*pʰo-
|
flow |
*č’oł- ?
|
flowers |
*k’ala(·)l, *lul
|
fly (verb) |
*win
|
fly, go up |
*tewe
|
flying squirrel ? |
*q’an-łala ?
|
foam |
*łos
|
fog |
*t’umi
|
fog, steam |
*qʰos
|
foliage, leaves |
*sala
|
follow, track |
*may-a·
|
food |
*ba·
|
foot |
*may
|
forehead |
*xin, *tey
|
forget |
*q’id-u
|
former, old, already, long ago, past demonstrative |
*ho
|
fox |
*ha·w
|
frog |
*wataq
|
front |
*daw
|
frost |
*kik-i
|
full |
*hur, *par
|
gall |
*sili
|
gap |
*kalay
|
gather, gathering basket |
*ʔo·n
|
gathering |
*ya·pay
|
genitive case |
*-n ?
|
genitive case |
*-r
|
gesture, fan, wave |
*liw
|
get, own, have |
*ke-
|
gig, spear |
*łew ?
|
girl |
*lo·y-, *p’ukuy
|
give |
*doy-i/u
|
glare, reflect |
*ʔilʔil
|
glide by |
*leh
|
go |
*har-a·
|
go in, crawl in |
*ʔał-a
|
go out, pour out slowly |
*p’e·l ?
|
go up, fly |
*tewe
|
going to, intentional future |
*-le
|
gone, finish off |
*ker-u
|
good |
*čal-a
|
goose sp. |
*laq
|
grab a handful |
*q’or
|
grandchild |
*čʰa(·)y
|
grandfather |
*ʔapan
|
grandmother |
*ʔaman
|
grapevine |
*łoy...m
|
grasp in one or both hands |
*pʰem ?
|
grass (dry?) |
*λ’aqa
|
grass, green |
*č’aro·q(-i)
|
gray hair |
*čʰa·hay
|
great horned owl |
*kudu·
|
green, grass |
*č’aro·q(-i)
|
green heron |
*qa-
|
grind |
*qor-i/u
|
grind, sharpen by filing |
*lor
|
grizzly ? |
*kuku
|
ground |
*po·m
|
ground, dirt (earth) |
*q’i(·)r
|
ground squirrel |
*λ’et
|
growl |
*qʰor
|
grunt, pant |
*x̣oh
|
guts, intestines |
*pot
|
hail |
*k’il
|
hair (facial or animal) |
*č’ekey
|
hair: pubic, body hair |
*seke·
|
hand, finger |
*sem
|
hang |
*low, *č’aq-a·
|
happy |
*lom, *doq-
|
hard, to be |
*paq
|
hard dome shape |
*qʰolo
|
hat |
*tʰak
|
haunt |
*holow
|
have |
*-ʔa
|
have, own, get |
*ke
|
hawk sp.: Cooper’s or marsh hawk ? |
*k’ililuk
|
hawk sp.: red-tailed ? |
*čeqčeq
|
hawk sp.: Swainson’s ? |
*lik-
|
hawk or falcon sp. |
*qačit
|
head |
*pʰoyoq
|
headband |
*kip-
|
hear |
*mut-u
|
heart |
*pʰur-u
|
heart, core |
*č’idik
|
heavy |
*yiłma
|
help |
*her
|
hemp, milkweed |
*pʰe·ł
|
here, toward self |
*xun
|
heron: great blue |
*wok
|
heron: green |
*qa-
|
hiccough |
*q’eq-a ?
|
hide, buckskin |
*qo(·)la
|
hill |
*bul-i
|
hip, thighs |
*somVk
|
hit |
*čʰep
|
hold in hand |
*sat
|
hold pectorally |
*ʔimit
|
hole |
*holoq
|
holler |
*nił-u
|
home |
*woq
|
hooked strap, strap with hook |
*lak-o/u
|
horn |
*k’il-i
|
hortative, let |
*-di
|
hot |
*pil-a·
|
hot rock ? |
*k’iw
|
house |
*qewel
|
hull |
*č’iw
|
human classifier ? |
*-ta
|
hungry, starve |
*per-i/u
|
hurt |
*ʔal-
|
hurt, sick, want |
*koy-i/u
|
husband, man |
*wiy
|
impaired vision |
*qʰas-i·l-ʔa
|
imperative or irrealis stem-deriving suffix |
*-u
|
in horizontally |
*ʔel, *-e·l
|
in-laws |
*win
|
in-law one generation removed, spouse’s parent, child’s spouse |
*t’e(·)s
|
inclined, prone |
*qoh
|
inclusive person pronominal root |
*p’e-
|
indefinite duration auxiliary |
*bey
|
indent |
*bit
|
indistinct color ? |
*qaq
|
inhale |
*su(·)t
|
insect sp. (buzzing) |
*homo·-
|
insert long things, poke, stick into |
*λ’op
|
intense visual perception |
*k’al
|
intensive verb-derivational suffix |
*-h
|
intentional future, going to |
*-le
|
intestines, guts |
*pot
|
irrealis stem-deriving suffix, imperative |
*-u
|
itch, scratch |
*ʔod-i/u
|
iterative |
*-V·y
|
jackrabbit |
*k’el
|
jaw, chin |
*q’aba
|
join, perimeter |
*kol
|
joined, added on to perimeter |
*kol-i
|
joined, pronged |
*non
|
jump |
*puč-
|
juniper |
*mon
|
keep |
*boh
|
kick |
*č’on
|
kill |
*λ’o·m-u
|
kill deer |
*tiwi·t
|
kingfisher |
*t’arara ?
|
kingsnake |
*handop-
|
kinterm absolutive suffix |
*-(·)n
|
kinterm locative case |
*-t-in ?
|
kinterm plural (or human plural) |
*-ba
|
kinterm prefix |
*n(i)-
|
knee |
*ʔanaq
|
knife, arrow, flint, obsidian |
*doqo
|
knot (tie a) |
*p’olo·q
|
know |
*t’i-
|
lack of color |
*tal
|
larynx |
*qʰor
|
last, yester- |
*le·n
|
late |
*ʔolhen
|
leaf |
*dala
|
lean against |
*tʰoq-čʰ-i/u
|
lean meat? |
*čʰi·r
|
leave |
*yal-i/u
|
leaves, foliage |
*sala
|
left, left hand |
*tʰaw
|
leg |
*yir ?
|
legs apart |
*kan ?
|
lest, might, may |
*-kʰen
|
let, hortative |
*-di
|
let’s |
*-e·
|
lick |
*nal
|
lie, be |
*bey
|
lie prone |
*xoy
|
lie, tell a lie |
*bal-ʔa
|
light |
*say-i/u, *tek
|
light (source ?) |
*sa-
|
light a fire |
*č’ay-a
|
light in weight |
*hosop
|
lightning, flame |
*wal-u
|
liquid spreads |
*tʰel-a·
|
liquid (thick) |
*t’ot
|
liver |
*kʰila
|
lizard sp.: Western fence lizard |
*č’iwil
|
locative, toward, in (horizontally ?) |
*-e·l
|
locative case |
*-in
|
log |
*waqu· ?
|
long ago, already, old, former, past demonstrative |
*ho-
|
loose |
*hoł ?
|
loose, thin |
*łupuq
|
loosen by scratching |
*k’eb-i/u
|
lose, miss |
*yo(·)w
|
louse |
*pʰer-
|
lungs |
*qʰoso
|
lungs, chest |
*k’eba
|
magpie |
*ʔatʔat
|
make |
*lel-a/i/u, *mal-i/u
|
make sparks |
*t’ip
|
man |
*wi·-ta
|
man, husband |
*wiy
|
manzanita berries |
*bolo
|
maple |
*say
|
mash |
*pʰit
|
may it be |
*wile
|
may, might, lest |
*-kʰen
|
meadowlark |
*yok
|
mediopassive |
*-čʰ
|
meet |
*hen-pa ?
|
mental clouding |
*q’a(·)q
|
mesh |
*k’at ?
|
middle, center |
*wenem
|
might, may, lest |
*-kʰen
|
milk, breast |
*ʔimit
|
milkweed |
*boq
|
milkweed, wild hemp |
*pʰe·ł
|
minnow |
*qʰili
|
miss |
*man-a·
|
miss, lose |
*yo(·)w
|
moldy, muddy |
*q’un
|
mollusk shell |
*łono(·)q
|
morning star |
*č’at-u
|
mortar |
*t’ubuq ?
|
mortar basket |
*kaw
|
mosquito |
*čosaq
|
mother |
*neh, *na, *ne-·n
|
motion back and forth |
*her-u
|
mountain |
*čʰoł
|
mountain lion |
*pate
|
mountain quail |
*čʰolčʰol
|
mourning dove |
*puluq
|
mouse, rat |
*č’ube
|
mouth |
*qo(·)l
|
mouth open |
*waw
|
move |
*moroq
|
move away |
*yo·
|
move (fast ? repetitive ?) |
*kʰod-
|
move in a direction, move toward |
*k’o-
|
move inclined toward |
*k’od-i/u
|
move hips ? |
*wik
|
move light-weight things |
*sid
|
move stones |
*k’ap
|
mud |
*k’a·
|
muddy, moldy |
*q’un
|
mushroom sp. |
*t’ara, *made ?
|
mussel, fresh-water |
*č’ayi
|
nail(s), claw(s) |
*k’ahay
|
name, real, really |
*yet
|
nape of neck ? |
*toq ?
|
narrow-waisted |
*č’idok
|
navel |
*naq
|
near |
*čok-i
|
neck |
*dok
|
nest |
*sunu
|
net |
*koro, *čʰaq, *t’uy-čʰ-i
|
new, now |
*po·
|
nipple |
*p’ur-i
|
nit |
*č’ubi
|
no, not |
*ʔelew
|
nod |
*wuk
|
nominalizer |
*-s
|
nominalizing and neutral mode stem-deriving suffix |
*-i
|
non-visual sensorial evidential |
*mut-her
|
north |
*way
|
nose |
*sono
|
not, no |
*ʔele-w
|
nothing (be) |
*min-a
|
now, new |
*po·
|
objective case |
*-ma
|
objective case suffix for kinterms and pronouns |
*-t
|
obsidian, knife, arrow, flint |
*doqo
|
old, already, long ago, former, past demonstrative |
*ho-
|
old man |
*k’iy
|
old woman |
*p’ot
|
older brother |
*labe-
|
older woman |
*q’aya
|
one |
*k’ete·t
|
open by scratching or scraping |
*xeb
|
open mouth |
*waw
|
optative ?, deictic |
*kʰe
|
oriole |
*sapasapa
|
oscillate, vibrate |
*lew
|
other, away, different |
*qʰal
|
other ? |
*ʔut
|
out(side) |
*pat
|
owl sp.: great horned |
*kudu·
|
owl sp.: barn owl |
*si·k
|
owl sp.: burrowing |
*wik
|
owl sp. |
*hi·n
|
own, have, get |
*ke-
|
pack |
*sew
|
pack tight |
*bam
|
paddle |
*qʰawa ?
|
paired objects, suffix marking |
*-ma
|
pale |
*sa·l
|
palm |
*t’eqel
|
pant, grunt |
*x̣oh
|
parch |
*ła·r
|
passive |
*-her
|
past demonstrative, old, already, long ago, former |
*ho-
|
pay |
*ʔeł
|
peel off |
*č’ub
|
pendant |
*yaw
|
penis |
*kul-
|
people |
*win
|
people, person |
*-tu(·)
|
people of, village |
*xerel
|
peppergrass |
*yodo ?
|
perforate |
*qʰes
|
perimeter, join |
*kol
|
person |
*win
|
person, people |
*-tu(·)
|
pestle |
*tʰulu ?
|
pestle?, wood ? |
*č’us
|
pet |
*ʔom
|
physical injury |
*p’od
|
pick one at a time |
*tey
|
pick small things one by one |
*x̣ad
|
pick up ?, dig ? |
*hap-a
|
pierce through |
*λ’er
|
pigeon: band-tailed |
*xo-...wi-
|
pike |
*k’uw-
|
pinch |
*t’or
|
pine |
*t’uw
|
pine sp. |
*sak
|
pitch, resin |
*čʰek-i
|
place a sling |
*lom-u
|
plant sp. |
*łaqa, *qʰala
|
plant sp.: low-growing |
*baq
|
plant sp.: soft, round |
*łubuq
|
play |
*łaqal
|
point |
*lolo·q-i/u
|
poison, doctor |
*yom
|
poison oak |
*p’oqʰom
|
poke, stick into, insert long things |
*λ’op
|
pole |
*topolish, *sik
|
pond |
*kopol
|
poorwill |
*qo·ltep
|
pop |
*p’oq ?
|
poppy, butterfly |
*bo·lbolVq
|
porcupine, star |
*łara·q ?
|
potato |
*ʔel-i
|
potato sp. |
*p’ołoy
|
pound |
*t’aq-i/u, *p’aq
|
pound with flat surface |
*pʰet
|
pour, spill |
*č’u·l-i/u
|
pour out slowly, go out |
*p’e·l ?
|
pour solids |
*t’ik-i/u
|
press |
*pʰat-a
|
press tight |
*č’it
|
promise ? beg ? |
*duq
|
prone, inclined |
*qoh
|
pronged, joined |
*non
|
pronominal plural |
*-le
|
protruberance |
*λ’or-
|
protrude, swell |
*pʰo-
|
protrusion |
*bul
|
pubic hair |
*seke·
|
pull |
*wik, *qir
|
pull off |
*sob-čʰ -u-
|
pull or throw up |
*kip
|
pull out |
*tʰup-u ?
|
pus, full of pus |
*buq
|
put long object around |
*dol
|
put on a hat |
*tʰak
|
put up |
*łom-i/u
|
quotative root |
*ʔu
|
raccoon |
*čʰika
|
rainbow |
*sa·q-k’ur- ?
|
raise |
*hok
|
rake (toward self ?) |
*qar-čʰ-
|
rat, mouse |
*č’ube
|
rattle |
*λ’ał
|
rattle (cocoon) |
*sokok
|
rattle (rustle ?) |
*wasasa
|
raven |
*qaq
|
real, really, name |
*yet
|
realis stem-deriving suffix |
*-a, *-e
|
reciprocal |
*p’ur-i
|
red |
*tede
|
red paint |
*q’oba
|
red-shafted yellowhammer (flicker) |
*č’i-
|
referential |
*qa
|
reflect |
*ʔilʔil
|
reflexive |
*-na
|
relational nominal suffix |
*-da
|
relational locative |
*naq
|
relatives |
*win
|
reluctant ?, careful ? |
*hinu·-
|
remain |
*hor-i/u
|
remove from body |
*λ’uq
|
resin, pitch |
*čʰek-i
|
ribs |
*k’uril
|
ridge |
*luyuq
|
right hand |
*čal-
|
ringing sound |
*tiltil
|
rip |
*čel-
|
rip in half |
*yeb
|
ripe |
*noq-i/u
|
roadrunner |
*tolto- ?
|
roar, rumble |
*kim-u·r
|
roast |
*λ’ir
|
robe |
*naw
|
robin |
*wisbo- ?
|
rock |
*son
|
rock (small, round), stone |
*t’uduy
|
rodent sp. |
*k’ay
|
roe |
*pu·p
|
roll |
*dir, *dibił, *hol ?
|
roll, run continuously |
*kip(-Vl)
|
root, especially basket root |
*se·k
|
rope |
*č’e·k
|
rot |
*yulyul
|
rotten smell, stink |
*łal-a
|
rough skin |
*č’i·k
|
rub |
*lir, *dih ?
|
rumble, roar |
*kim-u·r
|
run continuously, roll |
*kip(-Vl)
|
rustle ?, rattle |
*wasasa
|
sack |
*qʰam
|
salmon |
*nur
|
salt |
*we(·)ł
|
sand |
*č’er-i, *tʰapa
|
save |
*huy
|
save for |
*laq
|
scare someone |
*čiri·k-u-ma
|
scorpion |
*taqa·taqa
|
scrabble |
*los
|
scrape |
*k’ar-a, *qʰer
|
scrape, scratch |
*č’eb-a·
|
scratch |
*k’or
|
scratch, scrape |
*č’eb-a·
|
scratch body, itch |
*ʔod-i/u
|
screech owl |
*k’opus
|
scrub jay |
*č’ayi(·)k
|
seal (close) |
*t’uy
|
search for |
*tiw
|
second person pronominal root |
*ma-
|
see |
*win
|
seed |
*k’ul, *moy
|
seed plant sp. |
*k’is, *q’oł ?, *payi·ł
|
seek luck |
*qʰos-u
|
seep out |
*p’ur-u
|
send |
*yi·l-a
|
send after, direct to |
*yor
|
sensory input decreasing ? |
*λ’ik
|
separate into strands or slices |
*k’ih
|
sew |
*hur-u
|
shadow, spirit after leaving body |
*łes
|
shake |
*kepkep
|
shake, wake up |
*yuq-čʰ-
|
shame |
*kay-i/u
|
sharp (to be) |
*t’op
|
sharp implement |
*k’ir
|
sharp point; to sprout |
*č’up
|
sharpen by filing, grind |
*lor
|
shave |
*q er h
|
shell (empty?) |
*λ’al
|
shell (verb) |
*k’ab
|
shell of mollusk |
*łono(·)q
|
shelled and dried acorns |
*λ’ił-
|
shimmer |
*ʔib
|
shin |
*lur
|
shine |
*til
|
shoe |
*t’amu·
|
short version of |
*molo
|
shoulder, arm |
*sala
|
shrub sp. |
*sow
|
sick, hurt, want |
*koy-i/u
|
side |
*sel
|
sift |
*č’iq
|
sinew, tendon |
*law
|
single thing or individual emerges |
*tʰuq
|
sister |
*lay
|
sit |
*ła·
|
sit, be |
*boh
|
six |
*ser-panoł
|
skin |
*la·s, *qoq
|
skin (verb) |
*p’ir-čʰ-u
|
skin peels off |
*č’ob
|
skull |
*qoq- ?
|
skunk (striped) |
*qʰo·
|
skunkberries, sumac berries |
*pʰintus
|
slap |
*t’aq
|
sleep |
*xin-a
|
slice |
*t’eč-a
|
slice, cut with swinging motion |
*hil
|
slice, cut off |
*qʰop-u
|
slide |
*suy-u
|
sling |
*lom-u
|
sling (tie a) |
*łar-čʰ-u
|
slip |
*sil
|
slit/split two halves |
*t’ač
|
slithering (creature), crawling (like a snake) |
*pʰil-i
|
slurp |
*łupu·q-i/u
|
small, child |
*kusmall, child, baby, *ʔilay
|
small (intensive ?) |
*ʔin
|
smell |
*sub-u
|
smell rotten, stink |
*łal-a
|
smoke |
*nu·q
|
smoke (verb) |
*sud-u
|
smoke hole |
*t’el
|
smooth |
*wil-i
|
snake (verb) |
*how
|
snake sp. |
*how, *hulilVk
|
snap |
*k’a-
|
sneeze |
*t’es
|
snore |
*łon
|
snot |
*łiniq
|
snow |
*yo·l
|
soft round plant sp. |
*łubuq
|
sound bee-like |
*łon
|
sour |
*ʔay-...l-
|
sour, unripe |
*ʔa·w-a
|
south |
*nor
|
spark |
*p’ač-a, *t’ip
|
sparrowhawk |
*ʔi·rʔir
|
spear |
*saq
|
spear, gig |
*łew ?
|
speech |
*č’e(·)we-s
|
spider |
*kʰerek
|
spike |
*tob-i
|
spill, pour |
*č’u·l-i/u
|
spin |
*xiw
|
spirit |
*qʰal-tu ?
|
spirit after leaving body, shadow |
*łes
|
spit |
*tʰub
|
split |
*k’ał
|
split apart |
*t’eb
|
split/slit two halves |
*t’ač
|
split |
*q’ot
|
spot |
*t’ok
|
spouse’s parent, child’s spouse, in-law one generation removed |
*t’e(·)s
|
spread open |
*dih
|
spread to dry |
*ye-
|
sprout |
*qʰuy ?
|
sprout, to; sharp point |
*č’up
|
sprout, emerge, cross (meet) |
*tep-i/u
|
squat |
*qʰud
|
squeak |
*k’id
|
squeeze |
*pit, *p’it
|
squint |
*ʔay-čʰ-
|
squirm |
*sis
|
squirrel: flying ? |
*q’an-łala ?
|
stand |
*pʰek-a·y-i/u ?
|
stand up long things |
*toq
|
star, porcupine |
*łara·q ?
|
starve, be hungry |
*per-i/u
|
stative ? |
*-V(·)l
|
steam, fog |
*qʰos
|
Steller’s jay |
*woč-
|
step, climb |
*dek
|
stick into, poke, insert long things |
*λ’op
|
stick into (vertically ?) |
*lup
|
stick up |
*to·l
|
sticks |
*tok-i ?
|
stiff ?, clench |
*k’on
|
stiff, straighten |
*sip-čʰ-u
|
sting |
*lal-a
|
stink, smell rotten |
*łal-a
|
stinkbug |
*xed-i-men
|
stone, small round rock |
*t’uduy
|
stone (white) |
*λ’ar
|
stoop |
*pum, straight, *č’uC-, *kid-i ?
|
straighten, make stiff |
*sip-čʰ-u
|
straighten up, fix up |
*moq
|
strap with hook, hooked strap |
*lak-o/u
|
strap, tumpline |
*surut
|
strike at |
*λ’aq-a
|
stripe |
*qʰop
|
striped skunk |
*qʰo·
|
struggle |
*wer
|
stuck |
*čʰop
|
stuff feathers |
*wey
|
sturgeon |
*nes
|
subjunctive, dubitative |
*-m
|
submerge |
*lib-čh
|
subordinating suffix |
*-ta
|
subordinating suffix of causal or temporal anteriority |
*-ro ?
|
suck |
*č’uy-u
|
sudden escape of water |
*het
|
suffix forming alienable possessive pronouns |
*-o
|
sugar |
*xurxur
|
sugar pine |
*sumu
|
sumac berries, skunkberries |
*pʰintus
|
summer |
*pohpil ?
|
summoned gathering |
*ya·pay
|
sun to set |
*ʔał-a
|
sunflower sp. |
*qʰolo
|
sunshine |
*holol
|
supernatural |
*yoh
|
suspect, fear a loss |
*ha·q-a
|
Swainson’s hawk ? |
*lik-
|
swallow |
*per-i/u
|
sweet |
*munuq
|
swell, protrude |
*pʰo-
|
swim |
*tʰul-e/i/u
|
swing |
*xiw
|
swing arms |
*hil-a·y
|
tadpole |
*ho-...-q
|
tail |
*sutu
|
take/bring something inanimate |
*har-m-
|
tale, tell a tale |
*bo·l-e
|
talk |
*č’e(·)w
|
tall and swaying |
*k’eb
|
tamarack pine |
*mo·r
|
tarweed |
*t’on
|
tear |
*k’ur-a·
|
tears |
*tum
|
tell a lie |
*bal-ʔa
|
tell a tale |
*bo·l-e
|
tend in indicated direction |
*t’er ?
|
tendon, sinew |
*law
|
thick liquid |
*t’ot
|
thighs, hip |
*somVk
|
thin, loose |
*łupuq
|
thing |
*soq, *men
|
think |
*hal
|
thorn |
*kʰi·l
|
three |
*pano(·)ł
|
throat |
*dol, *holhol
|
throat, esophagus |
*peru·
|
through to the last |
*nam
|
throw |
*łey-a
|
throw or pull up |
*kip
|
throw solids |
*qʰet-a
|
throw water |
*łid
|
throw water on fire |
*qol
|
thus |
*ʔutickle, *quč-u
|
tie |
*lak
|
tie a knot |
*p’olo·q
|
tie a sling |
*łar-čʰ-u
|
tired |
*leq-čʰ-u
|
toad |
*yoho(·)l
|
tobacco |
*lo(·)l
|
today |
*po·-sani
|
tongue |
*tahal
|
tooth |
*si·
|
top |
*pan-ti
|
toward self, here |
*xun
|
toward, in (horizontally ?) |
*-e·l
|
trail |
*yeme
|
trap (verb) |
*q’ap-ma
|
trapped |
*q’ap-a
|
travel, far |
*kel
|
tree |
*čʰo·q, *mi
|
trip |
*kʰet
|
try |
*tip
|
tule (flat), cattail |
*pa·tpat
|
tule, bulrush |
*λ’op
|
tumpline, strap |
*surut
|
turn into nothing |
*min-a
|
turn, roll |
*dibił
|
turtle |
*ʔan
|
turtle-shell shaped |
*mu(·)k-u
|
twice, crosswise |
*ser
|
twins |
*čʰur-
|
twist |
*t’ir
|
two |
*pan
|
unpleasant emotion, crazy |
*ho·n
|
unripe, sour |
*ʔa·w-a
|
up |
*ʔol
|
up-and-down movement |
*hak-i
|
urine, urinate |
*č’u·n-u
|
use, do, be (non-distal ?) |
*ʔiy
|
venison, deer |
*no·p
|
vibrate, oscillate |
*lew
|
village, people of |
*xerel
|
vine sp. |
*č’ini·q
|
viscous |
*p’at
|
vision impaired |
*qʰas-i·l-ʔa
|
vocative |
*ye
|
vocative suffix |
*-k
|
vomit |
*ʔoq-čʰ -i/u
|
vulva |
*č’ut
|
wade |
*č’up-u
|
walk |
*q’ay-i/u
|
walk uncertainly |
*čoł-
|
want, hurt, sick |
*koy-i/u
|
warm oneself |
*humuq
|
wash face, wash up |
*tʰa·p
|
water |
*me(·)m
|
water container |
*pol
|
watersnake ? |
*how
|
wave, fan, gesture |
*liw
|
wear out, exhaust |
*łet
|
weave |
*łel-e
|
weave, make a net |
*ło(·)y
|
web, weaving |
*łoy
|
weir, dam |
*paq-i
|
west |
*nom
|
Western bluebird |
*č’ow
|
Western fence lizard |
*č’iwil
|
Western meadowlark |
*bi·t ?
|
wet |
*qʰat
|
where |
*he
|
which specific one |
*he
|
whiskers (particularly of fish), beard |
*qʰep
|
whisper |
*hal-a
|
white stone |
*λ’ar
|
white oak acorn |
*yok...l
|
whole, body |
*tʰu(·)n
|
wide |
*q’an
|
wide (open ?) |
*wak
|
wife, woman |
*p’oq
|
wild goose sp. |
*laq
|
wild grapes |
*qʰap
|
wild onion |
*p’u(·)r
|
wildcat |
*p’a...l...m
|
willow sp. |
*moł
|
willow sp. or basket sticks from that willow |
*ton
|
wind, wind blows |
*k’ah-i/u
|
wing |
*q’an
|
wink |
*ʔay-čʰ -
|
winnower |
*k’en-i
|
winter |
*pomsim
|
wolf |
*hu·- ?
|
woman |
*p’oqi-ta
|
woman, wife |
*p’oq
|
woman (old) |
*p’ot
|
woman (older) |
*q’aya
|
wood ?, pestle ? |
*č’us
|
woodpecker sp. |
*čʰuday, *tarak, *č’uduk
|
worm |
*λ’uk, *k’es
|
worm sp. |
*q’učul
|
wormwood |
*qeti
|
wrap |
*pil-u
|
wrap around |
*haw-a·l
|
wreck |
*pʰ or
|
yawn |
*ha·sme
|
yellowjacket |
*k’eč-
|
yes |
*ho(·) ?
|
yester-, the passing of one night ? |
*le·n
|
young boy |
*k’urey
|
young girl |
*p’ukuy
|
young man |
*xerit
|
younger brother |
*ley
|