Appendix:Proto-Chibchan reconstructions
Proto-Chibchan reconstructions:
Pache (2018) is the most recent reconstruction of Proto-Chibchan.[1] Other reconstructions include those of Constenla (1981) and Holt (1986).[2]
Constenla (1981) edit
Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Constenla (1981):[3]
| gloss | Proto-Chibchan |
|---|---|
| arm, hand, shoulder | *ˈkuíkI, *ˈkuí- |
| ashes | *bur-, *buˈrṹ |
| at, in | *skA; *ki; *sə |
| at, in, towards | *ka |
| big (size or quantity) | *təˈĩ |
| bird | *dù |
| blood | *ApÍ |
| boat, craft | *huˈLù |
| body | *AˈpÀ |
| bone | *ˈkàrə |
| breasts | *kAʔ |
| breast | *ˈtsúʔ, *ˈtsúʔtsú |
| brother | *səˈkə |
| brother-in-law | *ˈuba; *ˈduáʔ |
| butterfly | *kuA-, *kuAʔ- |
| cedar (several trees of the Cedrela genus) | *uˈru |
| ceiba | *puLí, *puLíkI |
| child, young of an animal, egg | *əˈrə̀ |
| child, young of an animal | *ˈuÁʔ- |
| cloth | *ˈsuá- |
| cloud | *ˈbõ̀, *bo- |
| cockroach | *ˈsóx- |
| cocoa | *kə́ˈhùʔ |
| come | *ˈda-; *ˈdI- |
| cook | *ˈdu- |
| cotton | *suˈhí |
| cough, catarrh | *ˈtóʔ |
| crocodile | *ˈkú- |
| cultivated field | *ˈtÌ |
| curassow (Crax rubra) | *ˈdubÍ |
| deer | *ˈsur, *ˈsurĩ̀ |
| diminutive | *-ˈaːrə |
| dog | *ˈto |
| dove (common ground dove) | *ˈÚtu- |
| dry | *diˈsə- |
| dry season | *ˈduá- |
| eagle, hawk | *ˈpṹ |
| ear | *ˈkuhkə́, *ˈkuhkuə́ |
| eat, drink | *ˈga- |
| egg, sprout, suckling | *ˈpú |
| emerald toucanet | *dəˈkər̃ə́ |
| enter | *ˈdok- |
| excrement | *ˈgã́ |
| eye | *úb |
| face | *uˈbə́ |
| father | *ˈkáka |
| feline | *dəbə̃́; *kuLÁʔ |
| find | *ˈkũ |
| finger, hand | *ˈkU |
| firewood, fire, coal, live coal | *ˈgÌ |
| first person prefix | *də̃- |
| fish | *ˈuA; *dibÃ̀ |
| five | *sAkẽ́ |
| flesh | *gAtA |
| fly | *ˈkulu |
| foot | *sAˈkə̃ |
| four | *bəhˈke |
| fruit | *ubə́ |
| give birth | *ˈgU- |
| gnat (jején) | *buˈr̃ṹʔ |
| go | *ˈdA- |
| grease | *ˈkiə́ |
| grind | *ˈuʔ |
| grindstone, to sharpen | *ˈiáʔ |
| grow, widen | *təˈlə- |
| guan (bird) | *ˈkũ̀ |
| hand | *AtA; *guLÀ |
| head, hair | *ˈtsã̀ |
| house | *ˈhu |
| how many | *ˈbi |
| hunger | *bAˈLi |
| I | *ˈda |
| jocote (Spondias purpurea), jobo (Spondias mombin) | *bəˈrə́ʔ |
| kill | *ˈguə |
| know, see | *sũ |
| lake | *iAˈbÁ |
| laugh | *ˈhaĩ |
| laurel (Cordia alliodora) | *ˈBúʔ |
| leaf | *ˈkə́ |
| leg | *kəˈrə |
| liquid | *dí; *ˈli |
| lizard | *ulíʔ |
| louse | *ˈkṹ |
| maize | *ˈIBI |
| make | *gU |
| mayo (tree) | *bèk |
| monkey: howler monkey | *úriʔ |
| monkey: spider monkey | *dõ̀, *do- |
| monkey: white-faced monkey | *hòkI |
| moon, month | *siˈhíʔ |
| mother-in-law | *ˈgAkA |
| mouse | *ˈsuhkÌ |
| mouth | *ˈkahkə |
| mud | *ˈdÚ; *oˈr̃i |
| name | *ˈhaká |
| nape, neck | *duˈkurə |
| neck | *ˈgala |
| net | *kAˈlÁʔ |
| nose | *dəˈIkI |
| now | *ˈBə |
| old | *AˈkÍkI; *tAˈlá |
| one | *ˈé ? |
| otter | *doʔ |
| paca (Agouti paca) | *ˈkuri |
| peachpalm (Bactris gasipaes, Guilelma utilis) | *ˈsúbaʔ |
| peccary (Tayassu pecari spiradens) | *siˈdĩ́ʔ |
| peel, undress | *ˈsu- |
| person | *ApÍ- |
| place, time, environment, land | *ˈká |
| plant | *ˈdi |
| poró tree, elequeme tree (synonyms) | *baˈlò |
| pot, vessel, jar | *ˈũ |
| pumpkin, squash | *Apì |
| rattle, maraca, colander, gourd cup (= object elaborated from a gourd) | *ˈtã́ |
| reed | *kəˈru |
| rotten | *ˈdṹ |
| sand | *ˈu; *ˈuBA |
| say | *ˈguA-; *ˈgI |
| sea | *dAgÌ |
| second person prefix | *bi- |
| see | *ˈguəkI |
| seek | *ˈdí |
| seed, plant | *ˈpkua |
| seize, hold | *kaLUh- |
| seven | *ˈkúh- |
| shark | *tAˈLì |
| shrimp | *ˈkUs |
| sing | *ˈtA |
| six | *ˈted |
| skin, bark | *hukə́ |
| sleep | *kAp- |
| small | *ˈ¢id |
| smell, odor | *hALÀ |
| snake | *tAkAbÌ |
| soil, earth, dirt, clay | *ˈtÁBA |
| son | *gAbÀ |
| spider | *óhk |
| squirrel | *kudã́ |
| star | *bÌ- |
| stick (a spear), insert, put in | *ˈtsã |
| stone | *ˈhákI |
| sun | *dì; *ˈka; *dui |
| sweet | *bəˈlóʔ |
| tail | *ˈduhkI |
| tapir | *dAĩ́ʔ |
| take | *ˈgúʔ |
| tear | *ˈubə́diə |
| that | *ˈhéʔ; *ˈse; *ˈkue; *ˈdiÀ |
| third person | *i-; *A |
| this | *ˈdi-; *ˈhíʔ |
| three | *ˈbai |
| tobacco | *ˈdu, *ˈduə̀ |
| tongue | *pkúʔ, *ˈpkuə́ |
| tooth | *ˈtu; *aˈkə |
| toucan sp. | *Biˈli |
| tray (made of wood, used to wash) | *kuˈLIʔ |
| transitive verb marker | *Bə- |
| tree | *ˈkàr; *kaˈri |
| tree, trunk of a tree, wood | *ˈkarə́ |
| tuber | *ˈtuʔ |
| turtle | *kuÌ; *uˈli |
| two | *ˈbU |
| uncle | *kəˈru |
| vulva | *ˈkÍ |
| water | *ˈdíʔ |
| we (inclusive) | *ˈsẽ́ʔ |
| weep | *ˈbo |
| what | *ˈhi |
| where | *biə |
| white | *buLu |
| wind | *ˈBur- |
| with | *uA; *tÁ |
| woodpecker | *soˈr̃o |
| woods, firewood | *ˈbUʔ |
| work | *hiBA |
| worm | *ˈgĩ́ |
| you (sg.) | *ˈbáʔ |
| yucca | *ˈik |
Proto-Chibchan horticultural vocabulary (Constenla 2012):[4]
- *dihke ‘to sow’
- *te1 ‘cultivated clearing’
- *ike ‘manioc’
- *tuʔ ‘tuber, yam’ (Dioscorea spp.; Xanthosoma sagittifolium)
- *apì ‘pumpkin, squash’
- *e, *ebe ‘maize’
- *du, *dua1 ‘tobacco’
- *tã1 ‘rattles from gourd’
- *toka ‘gourd cup’
Pache (2018) edit
Proto-Chibchan recontructions by Pache (2018):[1]
| gloss | Proto-Chibchan |
|---|---|
| all | *ᵐbaⁿd-; *pii-ⁿda |
| allative/dative | *ka |
| angry | *uⁿdu |
| arm, wing, shoulder | *kwik |
| armadillo | *ⁿduʔ |
| ashes | *ᵐbũⁿd(ũ) |
| aspect, imperfective | *-e |
| aspect, perfective | *-o |
| back | *ⁿda(kiⁿd) ~ *ta(kiⁿd); *ᵑga(ⁿda) |
| bad | *ᵑgwahⁿd; *saⁿd(a) |
| basket, mochila | *si |
| bat | *(ⁿdu-)ku(ⁿd) |
| to bathe, swim | *hauᵐb ~ *aᵐbuʔ |
| to be | *ⁿda(i) ~ *ta(i) |
| beam of light, heat | *ᵐbaʔ |
| beautiful | *ⁿdu |
| bee, honey | *La |
| bee, wasp | *ᵐbuⁿd(u) |
| to begin, start, first | *pahⁿd- |
| belly | *ita ~ *iⁿda ~ *iaⁿd |
| big | *ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd(i); *ᵐbu-ⁿda |
| bile, gall, bitter | *hakiʔ |
| bird, dove | *ⁿdu(ⁿd) |
| blood | *hapi ~ *apiʔ |
| to blow, fly | *kuʔ |
| body | *apa |
| bone, strong, hard | *kãⁿd- |
| bone, hard | *ⁿdaⁿdi ~ ⁿdaiⁿd- / saⁿdi ~ *saiⁿd- |
| breast, teat | *kãʔ; *ʦuʔ |
| breath, wind | *ᵐbuⁿd- |
| brother | *ⁿdaᵐba; *ⁿdaka / *saka |
| brother-in-law | *(ⁿd-)uᵐba |
| butterfly, hat | *kwahkwah |
| calabash | *ⁿdãᵐbã / *sãᵐbã; *taukaʔ |
| to catch, grasp | *ka |
| cedar | *uⁿdu |
| chicha | *ᵐba |
| chicken | *aʦa-kaⁿda |
| child | *ᵑgwaʔ |
| child, small | *ʦu |
| clay, mud | *(taBi-)ⁿda |
| cloud, fog | *ᵐba- |
| coal, hot coal | *kuⁿda |
| cold, cold substance | *ⁿdaᵐba- |
| cold | *ʦãĩh |
| to come | *ⁿda |
| comitative | *ⁿda ~ *ta; *uˈa; *ᵐba |
| to cook | *Li; *ⁿdu |
| cosmos (sky, day, time, space, earth, place) | *kaʔ(k) |
| creeping animal | *ⁿda(ⁿd) / *sa(ⁿd) |
| to dance | *kwi |
| dark | *tuⁿdi ~ *tuiⁿd |
| dative | *ia |
| diarrhea | *ᵑga-ⁿdi(a) |
| to do, make | *õ |
| dog | *tau |
| dove | *ⁿdu-ᵐba(ⁿd) |
| dry | *ⁿdiⁿda / *ⁿdisa; *puⁿd- |
| dust | *kaʔ(k)-puⁿd- |
| earth, floor, mud | *taB(a) |
| to eat | *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd |
| egg, offspring | *La |
| eight | *hap- |
| to enter | *ⁿdaʔ-u |
| excrement | *ᵑga |
| exterior | *ᵐbaⁿd(a) ~ *ᵐbat(a) |
| face | *ᵑgwa(k) |
| face, eye, fruit | *uᵐba |
| father | *ka(ka) |
| father, uncle, ancestor | *ⁿdũ(-i) |
| feather, wing, arm, hand | *ᵑgak |
| feline | *ⁿdaᵐba; *ku(ⁿd-) |
| field for cultivation | *tai |
| fireplace | *ᵑga-u (ka[k]) |
| firewood | *ᵑgi |
| fish | *ᵑgwa ~ *uᵑg |
| flea | *ᵐbak- |
| foot, root | *kihʦa ~ *kihsa |
| four | *ᵐbahka(i) |
| friend, other | *pai |
| full | *(hi-)iⁿda ~ *(hi-)ita |
| to go | *ᵐb-; *ⁿdaʔ ~ *taʔ |
| god, wind | *siᵐba |
| to grow | *kuH ~ *ᵐbuH |
| hair, head | *ʦa |
| hand | *haⁿd- ~ *hat- |
| hand, arm | *ᵑguⁿdaʔ |
| hand, finger | *kuuʔ |
| to hear | *kuh |
| heart, liver, center | *ᵐbihⁿda ~ *ᵐbihta; *taH(ᵐba) |
| to holler | *ᵐbau(ⁿd) ~ *kau(ⁿd) |
| house | *hu |
| how much, how many | *ᵐbi- |
| human being | *ᵐbaⁿdi ~ *ᵐbaiⁿd |
| hummingbird | *ᵐbiʦi ~ *ᵐbisi |
| hunger | *ᵐbaⁿdi |
| I | *ⁿdaH(ⁿd) |
| instrumental/locative | *ⁿdi |
| jealous | *ᵐbau(ⁿd) |
| to kill | *ᵑgua |
| to know | *ᵑgw- |
| lake, rain | [*ⁿdi-ɡwa] |
| to laugh | *haⁿd |
| leaf | *ka |
| lightning | *Guⁿdi ~ *GuiHⁿd |
| lip | *uk-ⁿda |
| liquid | *ⁿdiʔ-a |
| liver | *haiⁿd |
| locative | *ⁿda ~ *ta; *ki; *ʦika ~ *tsaik |
| to look for, look after | *ⁿdi |
| louse | *kũʔ |
| maize | *aiB ~ aBi |
| manioc | *i(k) |
| meat, flesh | *ᵑgaʔⁿda ~ *ᵑgaʔta; *sih |
| monkey | *huⁿdĩ ~ uⁿdĩʔ |
| moon | *siʔ |
| mosquito | *ʦuiⁿd |
| mother-in-law, daughter-in-law | *ᵑgak |
| mouth | *kah-ka |
| mouth, vagina | *ʦipi |
| name | *haka ~ *akaʔ |
| nape | *ⁿdu-kuⁿd(a) / *ⁿdu-kus(a) |
| neck | *ᵑgaⁿda |
| net | *kaⁿdaʔ |
| new | *(a-)ᵐbihⁿd- ~ *(a-)ᵐbiht- |
| night, dark | *ʦii |
| nine, ten | *uk(a) |
| nominalizer | *-ᵐba; *-ⁿd-; *-ka |
| nose | *ⁿdii(k) |
| (older) sibling, (older) sister | *ᵑgwi |
| only | *ᵐbii |
| open | *kah |
| pale | *siʔ-kwa |
| palm | *huka |
| path | *hi |
| to peel | *suʔ |
| possessed | *-i |
| post, pole | *ʦauⁿd ~ *tsuⁿda |
| pot | *hũ |
| prick, sting, point | *ⁿduk / *suk |
| pumpkin, squash | *apii(s) |
| to put | *eʔ |
| raptor | *pũʔ |
| rattle | *taʔ |
| raw | *tah(-ka) |
| red, yellow, ripe | *taʔBa |
| relational element | *ⁿd(i)-; *ʦ(i)- |
| rodent, large | *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd |
| rodent, small | *suh(-kui) |
| rope, string | *ki |
| round | *ᵐbiⁿd(i) |
| salt | *ⁿdaᵑg |
| sand | *uB(V)(-ta) |
| to scratch, rub | *ʦuH |
| to see | *su |
| seed | *ⁿduⁿd- |
| seed, fruit | *kwa |
| seven | *kuh |
| side | *suuⁿd |
| to sit (singular) | *ʦaʔ |
| six | *taiⁿd- |
| skin | *huka ~ *huBa ~ kuaʔ |
| to sleep | *kap- |
| small | *Buⁿd-; *ʦiⁿd(a) |
| smell | *Laʔ |
| snake | *takaᵐb- ~ *taᵐbak |
| soft | *ʦiⁿdi |
| son, child | *ᵑgaᵐba |
| to sow | *ⁿdihk- |
| spoon, ladle | *ʦuiⁿd ~ *ʦuⁿdi |
| to stand (singular) | *ⁿdu- |
| stick, bone, tree | *kaⁿd- ~ *kat- |
| stomach | *ⁿduaᵐbih |
| stone | *hak ~ *kaʔ |
| sun, day | *ⁿdi |
| sun, year | *ⁿdu- |
| to swallow, drink, eat | *-hu ~ *-uʔ |
| sweet potato | *Baiʔ |
| tail | *ᵐbaⁿd(a)-; *ⁿduh(k) |
| to take | *ᵑgu |
| to take out, pick up | *hapi ~ *apiʔ |
| tasty | *ᵐbaⁿd- |
| tear | *uᵐba ⁿdiʔa |
| that | *a |
| this | *hi ~ *iʔ |
| three | *ᵐbãʔ(ĩ) |
| throat | *ᵐbi-ⁿdaʔ |
| throat, hole | *kuHⁿdi ~ *kuiHⁿd ~ *BuHⁿdi |
| tobacco | *ⁿdua |
| tongue | *kuʔ(-Ba) |
| tooth (molar) | *haka |
| tooth | *ⁿduʔ |
| turkey, large galliform bird | *(ᵑg)uⁿd- |
| to turn around | *ᵐbuⁿd- ~ *kuⁿd- |
| turtle | *kwi |
| to twist | *ᵐbu |
| two | *ᵐbuuʔ |
| up, sky | *ᵐbii |
| urine | *huʦi ~ *huiʦ |
| valency-reducer | *a-; *aʔ-; *aⁿd- |
| to walk | *ⁿdai |
| to wash | *suh(k) |
| to watch | *ᵑguⁿda ~ *ᵑgwaⁿd |
| water, river | *ⁿdiʔ |
| to wear | *(ⁿd)iˈa |
| white, morning | *ᵐbuⁿd(u) |
| who, someone | *ⁿdi |
| wind | *ᵐbuⁿd-kaⁿd(a) |
| woman (adult) | *ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *ᵐbuiⁿd ~ *ᵑguⁿdi ~ *ᵑguiⁿd |
| woman (young) | *ᵐbus- |
| worm | *ᵑgi |
| wound, trace | *saⁿda |
| to wrap | *ᵐbaʔk |
| you | *ᵐbaʔ |
| young, sprout | *pu |
References edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pache, Matthias J. 2018. Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.
- ^ Holt, Dennis. 1986. The Development of the Paya Sound-System. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
- ^ Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1981). Comparative Chibchan Phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
- ^ Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2012. Chibchan languages. In Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, 391-440. Berlin: Mouton.